There were 233,467 deaths in California in 2007; the names of these decedents were arranged in alphabetical order. A random number generator was used to select 100 numbers between 1 and 233,467. State whether each of the following sampling procedures is likely to produced biased estimates of the average age at which these people died.

a. The research assistant wrote down only the first 50 random numbers.

b. The research assistant put the random numbers in numerical order; for example, the numbers 7, 3, 9 were changed to 3, 7, 9.

c. The research assistant put the ages of the 100 randomly selected people in numerical order; for example, the people with ages 85, 72, 91 were put in this order: 72, 85, 91.