13.23 Using the following data:

X Y 40 60 45 55 20 30 75 25 15 20 35 40 65 30

a. Create a scatterplot.

b. Calculate deviation scores and products of the deviations for each individual, and then sum all products. This is the numerator of the correlation coefficient equation.

c. Calculate the sum of squares for each variable. Then compute the square root of the product of the sums of squares. This is the denominator of the correlation coefficient equation.

d. Divide the numerator by the denominator to compute the coefficient, r.

e. Calculate degrees of freedom.

f. Determine the critical values, or cutoffs, assuming a two-tailed test with an alpha level of 0.05.