Calculate the theoretical potential of the following cells. Indicate whether the reaction will proceed spontaneously in the direction considered (oxidation on the left; reduction on the right) or whether an external voltage source is needed to force this reaction to occur.

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(a) Pb/Pb²+ (0.100 M)||Cd²+ (0.0400 M) |Cd (b) Zn/Zn²+ (0.0440 M)||TP³ (6.06 x 10-² M), TI* (0.0400 M) Pt (c) Pt, H₂(757 torr) | HCl(3.00 x 10-4 M)|| (d) Pb/Pbl₂(sat'd), I (0.0330 M)||Hg²+ (2.80 x 10-³ M) Hg (c) (f) Pt, H₂(1.00 atm) | NH3(0.400 M), NH4+ (0.300 M)||SHE Pt TiO²+ (0.0550 M), Ti³+ (0.00320 M), H*(3.00 x 10-2 M)||VO²+ (0.1600 M), V³+ (0.0800 M), H*(0.0100 M)|Pt