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statistics for engineers and scientists

Questions and Answers of Statistics For Engineers And Scientists

2.8 Table 2.7 gives data on research and development(R&D) expenditures (in millions of dollars)by industry and universities (U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2008).
2.7 Table 2.6 gives the average fuel prices (in dollars per Btu) for four different sectors from 1970 to 2004 (U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2008).a Construct a time
2.6 Table 2.5 gives the vehicle accident data for different types of trucks (U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2003).a Construct a time series plot for each type of
2.5 Sulfur dioxide is one of the major components of the AQI measure of air quality. Table 2.4 gives the sulfur dioxide estimates (in short tons) for years 1980 and 2000. (National Air Quality and
2.1 Table below shows the data collected by the University of South Alabama Trauma Center from the Emergency Medical Services records for the years 2001 and 2002. For each person involved in an
1.44 Lead is a major pollutant in both air and water, but it is not part of the AQI. Table below shows lead emission estimates and source categories for the years 1990, 1995, and 2000
1.43 Sulfur oxide is one of the major components of the AQI measure of air quality. Table below shows sulfur dioxide emission estimates for theyears 1990, 1995, and 2000, along with major source
1.42 McMullin and Owen (J. Professional Issues in Eng. Edu. and Practice, 2002) reported assessment of one engineering course taught using distance learning technology at San Jose State University
1.41 Fanny, Weise, and Henderson (2003) studied the impact of a photovoltaic system installed on the rooftop of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Building on the conservation of
1.40 Taylor, Wamuziri, and Smith (Civil Engineering, 2003) studied operation of Big-Canopy Systems used in building construction. A big canopy erected at the construction site provides a
1.39 Wolmuth and Surters (IEE Proc. Commun., 2003) studied bridge failures as they relate to the size of the crowd on the bridge at the time of failure.They reported the distribution of crowd size on
1.38 Table below gives the age and gender of patients participating in a medical study at the University of South Alabama.a Construct a histogram for the age of patients, disregarding their gender.
1.36 A survey of 8,453 consumers was conducted by BIGresearch for the National Retail Federation.The consumers were asked, “When will you begin your back-to-school shopping?” Table below shows
1.33 Are highways getting safer? How can we begin to measure possible improvements in the travel by motor vehicle? One possibility is to study traffic safety data for any discernable patterns or
1.32 The National Bridge Inventory Program of the U.S. Federal Highway Administration, Office of Bridge Technology (http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/britab.cfm) recorded the percent of obsolete bridges
1.31 Percent on-time arrivals and departures of flights during the fourth quarter of 2003 at major U.S.airports (http://airconsumer.ost.dot.gov) are listed in Table 1.11.a Compare the distributions
1.30 Refer to the differences in per capita tax revenue and per capita expenditure in Table 1.10.a Identify outliers using a boxplot. Comment on the differences between outliers on the higher end
1.27 The environmental lead impact studies on the quality of water often measure the level of chemical toxicants by the LC50, the concentration lethal to 50% of the organisms of a particular species
1.26 Table 1.10 gives the total revenue (in millions), taxes (per capita), and expenditure (per capita)for 50 states (U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2000).a What
1.25 Communication skills, both written and oral, remain key to professional success within the engineering profession. Bonk, Imhoff, and Cheng (J. Professional Issues in Engineering Education and
1.24 The air sulfur dioxide levels recorded in 67 counties of Alabama in 1999 (http://www.epa.gov/air/airtrends/) are listed here:2,447 1,586 410 177 423 90 486 2,230 502 213 454 4,073 1,494 135 119
1.23 “In the region we are traveling west of Whitney, precipitation drops off and the average snow depth on April 1 for the southern Sierra is a modest 5 to 6 feet. And two winters out of three the
1.22 The Los Angeles Times of September 20, 1981, contains the following statement: “According to the latest enrollment analysis by age-categories, half of the [Los Angeles Community College]
1.21 The data in table below show the percent change in the crude oil imports into the United States from January 2009 to June 2009 for each of the OPEC countries from which oil is
1.20 Table 1.9 gives the age distribution of the U.S.population in 1890 and 2010 (projected):a What age class contained the median age in 1890?b What age class contained the median age in 2010?c
1.19 Table 1.8 gives the index of industrial production for selected countries (U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2000).a Construct appropriate plots to summarize the
1.18 Ease of getting to work is one measure of quality of life in Metropolitan areas. Staggered starting times sometimes help alleviate morning traffic congestion and such a policy is often preferred
1.17 The back-to-back histogram (often called a population pyramid) shown in Figure below displays the age distributions of the U.S. population in 1890 and 2005 (projected by U.S. Census Bureau,
1.16 The environmental lead impact studies on the quality of water often measure the level of chemical toxicants by the LC50, the concentration lethal to 50 percent of the organisms of a particular
1.15 A simple histogram is also a useful chart as a quality improvement tool. The frequency histogram of quality measurements on the diameters of 500 steel rods is given in Figure below.These rods
1.13 The Connecticut River Bridge is a railroad drawbridge.The Federal law requires Amtrak to leave it open except when trains are approaching.Wilson (Proceedings of ICE, 2003) studied the number of
1.12 The Department of Energy (http://www.energy.gov) reported the production of top world oil producers and consumption of top world oil consumers (both in million barrels per day). The production
1.11 The World Steel Organization reported that world crude steel production stands at 839.3 million short tons for the first 9 months of 2004, 8.7%higher compared with the same period of 2003.The
1.10 Kister (Trans IChemE, 2003) studied malfunctioning of distillation towers. Table below lists the number of cases stratified by different causes.The data are also stratified by the year of
1.9 The Mobile Register (Nov. 16, 2003) reported information about Alabama’s 203 aerospace companies.The companies were classified into different sectors. Table below shows the distribution of
1.8 Top 10 suppliers of U.S. crude oil imports (in million barrels) for the year 2003 are listed below(U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2005).Saudi Arabia* 629
1.7 Lead is a major pollutant in both air and water, but is not part of the AQI. Table below gives the lead emission estimates (in short tons), and source categories for years 1980, 1990, and 2000
1.6 Sulfur dioxide is one of the major components of the AQI that measures air quality. Table below gives the sulfur dioxide estimates (in short tons)for years 1980 and 2000 (National Air Quality and
1.5 Kennerley (Proceedings of ICE, 2003) analyzed complaints received by the Complaint Commissioner in the area where Channel Tunnel Rail Link construction was in progress. A variety of complaints
Let X ∼ U(a, b) a. Show that if \(x \leq a\) then \(P(X \leq x)=0\).b. Show that if \(x>b\) then \(P(X \leq x)=1\).c. Show that if \(a F(x) = 0 x-a b-a 1 x a a
The article "Gypsum Effect on the Aggregate Size and Geometry of Three Sodic Soils Under Reclamation" (I. Lebron, D. Suarez, and T. Yoshida, Journal of the Soil Science Society of America,
Repeat Exercise 3, using the \(S\) chart in place of the \(R\) chart.Data From Exercise 3:The thickness, in mm, of metal washers is measured on samples of size 5. The following table presents the
Repeat Exercise 8, using the \(S\) chart in place of the \(R\) chart.Data From Exercise 8:Samples of eight bolts are taken periodically, and their diameters (in \(\mathrm{mm}\) ) are measured. The
Repeat Exercise 10, using the \(S\) chart in place of the \(R\) chart.Data From Exercise 10:A certain type of integrated circuit is connected to its frame by five wires. Thirty samples of five units
Repeat Exercise 12, using the SS chart in place of the RR chart.Data From Exercise 12:Copper wires are coated with a thin plastic coating. Samples of four wires are taken every hour, and the
The following table presents the average annual energy expenditures (in dollars) for housing units of various sizes (in square feet).a. Compute the least-squares line for predicting energy
The following table presents the mean cost of a hospital stay, in \(\$ 1000\) s, and the number of hospital stays, in millions, in the United States for each of 15 years.a. Compute the least-squares
The following table, based on data from the credit reporting company Experian, presents the average number of late payments and the average credit score for residents of selected U.S. cities in
The following output (from \(\mathrm{R}\) ) is for a multiple regression. Something went wrong with the printer, so some of the numbers are missing. Fill in the missing numbers. Coefficients:
The following output (from \(\mathrm{R}\) ) is for a multiple regression. Some of the numbers got smudged and are illegible. Fill in the missing numbers. Coefficients: (Intercept) X1 X2 X3 Estimate
The article "Two Different Approaches for RDC Modelling When Simulating a Solvent Deasphalting Plant" (J. Aparicio, M. Heronimo, et al., Computers and Chemical Engineering, 2002:1369-1377) reports
The article "Experimental and Statistical Investigation of Self-Consolidating Concrete Mixture Constituents for Prestressed Bridge Girder Fabrication" (E. Torres, J. Seo, and R. Lederle, Journal of
The article "Characterization of Effects of Thermal Property of Aggregate on the Carbon Footprint of Asphalt Industries in China" (A. Jamshidi, K. Kkurumisawa, et al., Journal of Traffic and
Refer to the data set pit.csv. Consider depths of pits at all durations at \(40 \%\) relative humidity. The question is whether the mean depth differs among the durations.a. Construct an ANOVA table.
Repeat Exercise 21, using the values at \(75 \%\) relative humidity.Data From Exercise 21:Refer to the data set pit.csv. Consider depths of pits at all durations at 40%40% relative humidity. The
It is desired to determine whether the speed of the machine is affected by the soil type.a. Construct an ANOVA table. You may give a range for the \(P\)-value.b. Can you conclude that there are
It is desired to determine whether the torque of the cutting wheel is affected by the soil type.a. Construct an ANOVA table. You may give a range for the \(P\)-value.b. Can you conclude that there
A geologist is making repeated measurements (in grams) on the mass of a rock. It is not known whether the measurements are a random sample from an approximately normal population. Following are three
A new centrifugal pump is being considered for an application involving the pumping of ammonia. The specification is that the flow rate be more than \(5 \mathrm{gal}-\) lons per minute (gpm). In an
The article "Influence of Penetration Rate on Penetrometer Resistance" (G. Gagnon and J. Doubrough, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2011: 741-750) describes a study in which 20 two-liter
Specifications call for the wall thickness of two-liter polycarbonate bottles to average 4.0 mils. A quality control engineer samples 7 two-liter polycarbonate bottles from a large batch and measures
Environmental Protection Agency standards require that the amount of lead in drinking water be less than \(15 \mathrm{ppb}\). Twelve samples of water from a particular source have the following
The article "Approximate Methods for Estimating Hysteretic Energy Demand on Plan-Asymmetric Buildings" (M. Rathhore, A. Chowdhury, and S. Ghosh, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2011: 99-123)
Measurements were made of arsenic concentrations in fish found in Northern Canada. In a sample of 8 whitefish caught in Yellowknife Bay, the mean arsenic concentration in the liver was \(0.32
Eight specimens of Incoloy 825 steel were immersed in acidified brine for four hours. The number of corrosive pits was counted on each sample. The results wereCan you conclude that the mean number of
The article "Evaluation of Mobile Mapping Systems for Roadway Data Collection" (H. Karimi, A. Khattak, and J. Hummer, Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 2000:168-173) describes a system for
An inspector measured the fill volume of a simple random sample of 100 cans of juice that were labeled as containing 12 ounces. The sample had mean volume 11.98 ounces and standard deviation 0.19
In a process that manufactures tungsten-coated silicon wafers, the target resistance for a wafer is \(85 \mathrm{~m} \Omega\). In a simple random sample of 50 wafers, the sample mean resistance was
An ultra-low particulate air filter is used to maintain uniform air flow in production areas in a clean room. In one such room, the mean air velocity should be at least \(40 \mathrm{~cm} /
The following output (from \(\mathrm{R}\) ) presents the results of a hypothesis test for a population mean \(\mu\).a. Is this a one-tailed or a two-tailed test?b. What is the null hypothesis?c. Can
The following output (from \(\mathrm{R}\) ) presents the results of a hypothesis test for a population mean \(\mu\).a. Is this a one-tailed or a two-tailed test?b. What is the null hypothesis?c. Can
If a record high is equally likely to occur in any year of observation, the mean year in which a record is observed would occur at the midpoint of the observation period, which is \((1871+2020) /
Because of the occurrence of hot spells and cold spells, it is common for records to be set on two or more consecutive days in the same year. For example, five consecutive record highs, from June 2
For some records, the record temperature occurred more than once. In these cases, only the most recent year is listed. Explain how this might cause the mean to be greater than the midpoint of 1945.5
Drop the dates in which the record high occurred more than once, and test the hypothesis in Exercise 22 again. Does your conclusion change?Data From Exercise 22:If a record high is equally likely to
Perform a hypothesis test on the record lows, after dropping dates on which the record low occurred more than once, in which the alternative hypothesis is that the mean year is less than 1945.5. What
The choice of January 1 as a starting date is arbitrary. The results might be different if we start on a different date. For each of the days January 2 through January 7, construct a data set
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) runs diagonally in the middle of the knee. The article "Return to Sport After Pediatric Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction and Its Effect on Subsequent
The article "Developing a Tool to Measure the Factors Influencing Nurses' Enjoyment of Nursing" (L. Wilkes, M. Doull, et al., Journal of Clinical Nursing, 2016:1854-1860) reports that in a sample of
A sociologist sampled 200 people who work in computer-related jobs and found that 42 of them have changed jobs in the past six months. Can you conclude that more than \(15 \%\) of computer-related
The General Social Survey asked a sample of 1294 people whether they performed any volunteer work during the past year. A total of 517 people said they did. Can you conclude that more than \(35 \%\)
Because of the occurrence of hot spells and cold spells, it is common for records to be set on two or more consecutive days in the same year. For example, five consecutive record highs, from June 2
The data set contains observations from the years 1871 through 2020 , so the midpoint is 1945.5 . For some records, the record temperature occurred more than once. In these cases, only the most
Drop the dates in which the record high occurred more than once, and perform a test where the alternative hypothesis is that the proportion of record highs occurring after 1945 is greater than 0.5 .
Drop the dates in which the record low occurred more than once, and perform a test where the alternative hypothesis is that the proportion of record lows occurring after 1945 is less than 0.5 . What
The choice of January 1 as a starting date is arbitrary. The results might be different if we start on a different date. For each of the days January 2 through January 7, construct a data set
The article "Utility of Pretest Probability and Exercise Treadmill Test in Korean Women with Suspected Coronary Artery Disease" (Y. Kim, W. Shim, et al., Journal of Women's Health, 2015:617-622)
Do you prefer taking tests on paper or online? A college instructor gave identical tests to two randomly sampled groups of 50 students. One group took the test on paper and the other took it online.
The article "Treadmill Exercise and Resistance Training in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease With and Without Intermittent Claudication. A Randomized Controlled Trial" (M. McDermott, P. Ades,
To determine the effect of fuel grade on fuel efficiency, 80 new cars of the same make, with identical engines, were each driven for 1000 miles. Forty of the cars ran on regular fuel and the other 40
King Tut was an ancient Egyptian ruler whose tomb was discovered and opened in 1923. Legend has it that the archaeologists who opened the tomb were subject to a "mummy's curse," which would shorten
The article "Predicting Depressed Patients with Suicidal Ideation from ECG Recordings" (A. Khandoker, V. Luthra, et al., Med Biol Eng Comput, 2017: 793-805) reports a study in which systolic blood
In a study to compare the effectiveness of distance learning with traditional classroom instruction, 12 students took a business course online while 14 students took it in a classroom. The final exam
The following output (from \(\mathrm{R}\) ) presents the results of a hypothesis test for the difference between two means:a. Is this a one-tailed or a two-tailed test?b. What is the null
The following output (from \(\mathrm{R}\) ) presents the results of a hypothesis test for the difference between two means:a. Is this a one-tailed or a two-tailed test?b. What is the null
The 90th percentile of ozone is 43.535. Can you conclude that people whose exposure to ozone is in the top \(10 \%\) have lower mean FEV1 than those in the lower \(90 \%\)?
The 90th percentile of PM10 is 63.43. Can you conclude that people whose exposure to PM10 is in the top \(10 \%\) have lower mean FEV1 than those in the lower \(90 \%\)?
The 90th percentile of \(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\) is 44.93. Can you conclude that people whose exposure to \(\mathrm{NO}_{2}\) is in the top \(10 \%\) have lower mean FEV1 than those in the lower \(90 \%\)?
Compute the mean FEV1 for those with asthma and those without. What is counterintuitive about the result?
Perform a test of the null hypothesis that the mean FEV1 for those with asthma is less than or equal to the mean FEV1 for those without, against the alternative that the mean is greater. Taking the

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