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statistics for engineers and scientists

Questions and Answers of Statistics For Engineers And Scientists

12.24 Refer to Exercise 12.13. Casting 1 is a standard, and castings 2, 3, and 4 involve slight modifications to the process. Compare the standard with each of the modified processes by producing
12.29 A power plant that uses water from the surrounding bay for cooling its condensors is required by the EPA to determine whether discharging its heated water into the bay has a detrimental effect
12.30 The Bell Telephone Company’s long-distance phone charges may appear to be exorbitant when compared with the charges of some of its competitors, but this is because a comparison of charges
12.31 From time to time, one branch office of a company must make shipments to a certain branch office in another state. There are three package delivery services between the two cities where the
12.32 Due to increased energy shortages and costs, utility companies are stressing ways in which home and apartment utility bills can be cut. One utility company reached an agreement with the owner
12.33 A chemist runs an experiment to study the effects of four treatments on the glass transition temperature of a particular polymer compound.Raw material used to make this polymer is bought in
12.36 Refer to Exercise 12.25. Answer parts (b) and (c)by fitting a linear model to the data and using regression techniques.
12.37 Refer to Exercise 12.29. Answer part (a) by fitting a linear model to the data and using regression techniques.
12.38 Suppose that three automobile engine designs are being compared to determine differences in mean time between breakdowns.a Show how three test automobiles and three different test drivers could
12.39 Refer to Exercise 12.27 a Form a 95% confidence interval to estimate the true mean difference in pressure between nickel and iron. Interpret this interval.b Form confidence intervals on the
12.40 Refer to Exercise 12.28. Use a 90% confidence interval to estimate the true difference between the mean responses given by estimators B and C.
12.41 Refer to Exercise 12.29. What are the significant differences among the station means? (Use a simultaneous confidence coefficient of 0.90.)
12.42 Refer to Exercise 12.30. Compare the three telephone companies’ mean rates by using a simultaneous confidence coefficient of approximately 0.90.
12.43 Refer to Exercise 12.31.a Use a 99% confidence interval to estimate the difference between the mean delivery times for carriers I and II.b What assumptions are necessary for the validity of the
12.44 In pressure sintering of alumina., two important variables controlled by the experimenter are the pressure and time of sintering. An experiment involving two pressures and two times, with three
12.45 The yield percentage Y of a chemical process depends on the temperature at which the process is run and the length of time the process is active. For two levels of temperature and two lengths
12.46 The yield percentage Y of a certain precipitate depends on the concentration of the reactant and the rate of addition of diammonium hydrogen phosphate. Experiments were run at three different
12.47 How do women compare with men in their ability to perform laborious tasks that require strength?Some information on this question is provided in a study by Phillips and Pepper of the
12.48 Refer to Exercise 12.47. Phillips and Pepper(1982) give data on another factorial experiment utilizing 20 males and 20 females. The experiment involved the same treatments, with ten persons
12.49 In analyzing coal samples for ash content, two types of crucibles and three temperatures were used in a complete factorial arrangement, with as listed in table below.(Two independent
12.50 Four different types of heads were tested on each of two sealing machines. Four independent measurements of strain were then made on each head/machine combination. The data are given table
12.51 An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of two alloying elements (carbon and manganese) on the ductility of specimens of metal. Two specimens from each treatment were measured, and
12.52 Eisinger et al. (Transactions of the ASME, 2003)conducted laboratory scale model tests of one simulated stack liner exposed to airflow at ambient atmospheric conditions. The tests were
12.55 Mileage tests were performed to compare three different brands of unleaded gas. Four different automobiles were used in the experiment, and each brand of gas was used in each car until the
12.56 The following table shows the partially completed analysis of variance for a two-factor factorial experiment.d State the practical implications of your test results in part (c).
12.57 The data shown in the table below: are for a factorial experiment with two observations per factor-level combination.a Perform an analysis of variance for the data and display the results in an
12.58 The set of activities and decisions through which a firm moves from its initial awareness of an innovative industrial procedure to its final adoption or rejection of the innovation is referred
12.59 England has experimented with different 40-hour workweeks to maximize, production and minimize expenses. A factory tested a 5-day week(8 hours per day), a 4-day week (10 hours per day), and a
12.60 To compare the preferences of technicians for three brands of calculators, each of three technicians was required to perform an identical series of calculations on each of the three
12.61 Sixteen workers were randomly selected to participate in an experiment to determine the effects of work scheduling and method of payment on attitude toward the job. Two types of scheduling were
12.62 An experiment was conducted to compare the yields of orange juice for six different juice extractors. Because of a possibility of a variation in the amount of juice per orange from one
12.63 A farmer wants to determine the effect of five different concentrations of lime on the pH (acidity)of the soil on a farm. Fifteen soil samples are to be used in the experiment, five from each
12.64 In the hope of attracting more riders, a city transit company plans to have express bus service from a suburban terminal to the downtown business district. These buses should save travel time.
12.65 Five sheets of writing paper are randomly selected from each of three batches produced by a certain company. A measure of brightness is obtained for each sheet, with the results listed in table
12.66 In order to provide its clients with comparative information on two large suburban residential communities, a realtor wants to know the average home value in each community. Eight homes are
12.67 Drying stresses in wood produce acoustic emissions(AE), and the rate of acoustic emission can be monitored as a check on drying conditions.The data shown in Table 12.18 are the results of
12.68 In a study of wood-laminating adhesives by Kreibich and Hemingway (Forest Products Journal, 37(2), 1987, pp. 43–46), tannin is added to the usual phenol-resorcinolformaldehyde(PRF) resin and
12.69 Acid precipitation studies in southeastern Arizona involved sampling rain from two sites(Bisbee and the Tucson Research Ranch of the National Audubon Society) and sampling air from smelter
12.70 Lumber moisture content (MC) must he monitored during drying in order to maximize the lumber quality and minimize the drying coats.Four types of moisture meters were studied on three levels of
12.78 Wet air oxidation is a technology used for treating wastewaters that are either too diluted to incinerate or too concentrated or toxic to biologically degrade. Oliviero et al. (Transactions of
12.79 Triano et al. (Transactions of the ASME, 2003)conducted uniaxial tension/compression tests on a servo-hydraulic test machine. Tests were run for four different materials at total strains of 1%,
12.80 Zhao (Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, 2003) performed fatigue tests on a servohydraulic machine at a temperature of 240°C, under total strain control, using a symmetrical push–pull
10.1 The output voltage for a certain electric circuit is specified to be 130. An electrical engineer claims that in his experience these circuits produce less than 130 volts. He decides to take a
10.21 For a certain type of electronic surveillance system, the specifications state that the system will function for more than 1,000 hours with probability at least 0.90. Checks on 40 such systems
10.22 The hardness of a certain rubber (in degrees Shore) is claimed to be 65. Fourteen specimens are tested, resulting in an average hardness measure of 63.1 and a standard deviation of 1.4.Is there
10.23 Certain rockets are manufactured with a range of 2,500 meters. It is theorized that the range will be reduced after the rockets are in storage for some time. Six of these rockets are stored for
10.24 For screened coke, the porosity factor is measured by the difference in weight between dry and soaked coke. A certain supply of coke is claimed to have a porosity factor of 1.5 kilograms.Ten
10.25 The stress resistance of a certain plastic is specified to be 30 psi. The results from 10 specimens of this plastic show a mean of 27.4 psi and a standard deviation of 1.1 psi. Is there
10.26 Yield stress measurements on 51 steel rods with 10 mm diameters gave a mean of 485 N/mm2 and a standard deviation of 17.2. (See Booster, Journal of Quality Technology, 1983, for details.)
10.27 The widths of contact windows in certain CMOS circuit chips have a design specification of 3.5(see Phadke et al., The Bell System Technical Journal, 1983, for details.) Postetch window widths
10.28 The variation in window widths for CMOS circuit chips must be controlled at a low level if the circuits are to function properly. Suppose specifications state that for window widths. Can we
10.29 The Florida Poll of February–March 1984 interviewed 871 adults from around the state. On one question, 53% of the respondents favored strong support of Israel.Would you conclude that a
10.30 A Yankelovich, Skelly, and White poll reported upon on November 30, 1984, showed that 54%of 2,207 people surveyed thought the U.S.income tax system was too complicated. Can we conclude safely,
10.31 Wire used for wrapping concrete pipe should have an ultimate tensile strength of 300,000 pounds, according to a design engineer. Forty tests of such wire used on a certain pipe showed a mean
10.32 The break angle in a torsion test of wire used in wrapping concrete pipe is specified to be 40 degrees. Fifty torsion tests of wire wrapping a certain malfunctioning pipe resulted in a mean
10.33 Soil pH is an important variable in the design of structures that will contact the soil. The pH at a potential construction site was said to average 6.5. Nine test samples of soil from the site
10.34 The resistances of a certain type of thermistor are specified to be normally distributed with a mean of 10,000 ohms and a standard deviation of 500 ohms, at a temperature of 25°C. Thus, only
10.35 The dispersion, or variance, of haul times on a construction project is of great importance to the project supervisor, because highly variable haul times cause problems in scheduling jobs.The
10.36 Aptitude tests should produce scores with a large amount of variation so that an administrator can distinguish between persons with low aptitude and persons with high aptitude. The standard
10.37 For the rockets of Exercise 10.23, the variation in ranges is also of importance. New rockets have a standard deviation of range measurements equal to 20 kilometers. Does it appear that storage
10.20 A manufacturer of resistors claims that 10% fail to meet the established tolerance limits. A random sample of resistance measurements for 60 such resistors reveals eight to lie outside the
10.19 The pH of water coming out of a certain filtration plant is specified to be 7.0. Thirty water samples independently selected from this plant show a mean pH of 6.8 and a standard deviation of
10.18 For testing versus with, as in Exercises 10.16 and 10.17, find the sample size required for 0.01 and 0.05.
10.2 Refer to the situation in Exercise 10.1. Describe type I and type II errors that the engineer could possibly make.
10.3 The Rockwell hardness index for steel is determined by pressing a diamond point into the steel and measuring the depth of penetration.The manufacturer claims that this steel has an average
10.4 Refer to Exercise 10.3.a What decision by the competitor could lead to a type I error?b What decision by the competitor could lead to a type II error?
10.5 The hardness of a certain rubber (in degrees Shore)is claimed to be 65 by the manufacturer. One of their customers suspects that the rubber produced by this manufacturer is not as hard as
10.6 Refer to Exercise 10.5. Identify type I and type II errors that the customer could possibly make.
10.7 Certain rockets are manufactured with a range of 2,500 meters. It is theorized that the range will be reduced after the rockets are in storage for some time. Develop null and alternative
10.8 Refer to Exercise 10.7. Describe type I and type II errors that the rocket scientists could possibly make.
10.9 The stress resistance of a certain plastic is specified to be 30 psi. A toy manufacturer uses this plastic. Recently, the toy manufacturer has received several complaints about the quality of
10.10 Refer to Exercise 10.9.a Describe type I and type II hypotheses that the toy manufacturer could possibly make.b Describe consequences of making such errors.
10.11 Steel rods with 10 mm diameters are used in the construction of bridges. The steel rods are used only if their yield stress exceeds 490. The state government is reviewing the product of one
10.12 Refer to the situation in Exercise 10.11.a Describe type I and type II hypotheses that the state government could possibly make.b Describe consequences of making such errors.
10.13 The output voltage for a certain electric circuit is specified to be 130. A sample of 40 independent readings on the voltage for this circuit gave a sample mean of 128.6 and a standard
10.14 Refer to Exercise 10.13. If the voltage falls as low as 129, serious consequences may result. For testing versus , find , the probability of a Type II error, for the rejection region used in
10.15 For testing versus with, as in Exercise 10.14, find the sample size that will yield and .
10.53 Gasoline mileage is to be compared for two automobiles, A and B, by testing each automobile on five brands of gasoline. Each car used one tank of each brand, with the following results (in
10.16 The Rockwell hardness index for steel is determined by pressing a diamond point into the steel and measuring the depth of penetration. For 50 specimens of a certain type of steel, the Rockwell
10.17 Steel is sufficiently hard for a certain use as long as the mean Rockwell hardness measure does not drop below 60. Using the rejection region found in Exercise 10.16, find for the specific
10.38 Two designs for a laboratory are to be compared with respect to the average amount of light produced on table surfaces. Forty independent measurements (in footcandles) are taken in each
10.39 Shear-strength measurements derived from unconfined compression tests for two types of soils gave the following results (measurements in tons per square foot):Do the soils appear to differ with
10.80 The data in the following table show the frequency counts for 400 observations on the number of bacterial colonies within the field of a microscope, using samples of milk film.(Bliss and Owens,
10.62 Chitizadeh and Varghani (IEE Proceedings Communications, 2003) proposed a new crossbar switch with input queue. Crossbar switches are used for connecting multiple inputs to multiple outputs in
10.63 In material sciences, measuring temperatures accurately is of great importance. Optical pyrometry is an established method used for measuring temperatures. These pyrometric temperature
10.64 Pfeifer, Schubert, Liauw, and Emig (Trans IChemE, 2003) studied dynamic behavior of microreactors for methanol steam reforming, which is used in fuel cell applications. They measured
10.66 Two types of defects, A and B, are frequently seen in the output of a certain manufacturing process. Each item can be classified into one of the four classes AB, , , , where denotes the absence
10.67 Vehicles can turn right, turn left, or continue straight ahead at a certain intersection. It is hypothesized that half the vehicles entering this intersection will continue straight ahead. Of
10.68 A manufacturer of stereo amplifiers has three assembly lines. We want to test the hypothesis that the three lines do not differ with respect to the number of defectives produced. Independent
10.69 Two inspectors are asked to rate independent samples of textiles from the same loom.Inspector A reports that 18 out of 25 samples fall in the top category, while inspector B reports that 20 out
10.70 Two chemicals, A and B, are designed to protect pine trees from a certain disease. One hundred trees are sprayed with chemical A, and 100 are sprayed with chemical B. All trees are subjected to
10.71 A study of the relationship between athletic involvement and academic achievement for college students sampled randomly 852 students.The selected students were categorized according to amount
10.72 Refer to Exercise 10.66. Test the hypothesis that the type A defects occur independently of the type B defects. Use .
10.73 A new sick-leave policy is being introduced into a firm. A sample of employee opinions showed the following breakdowns by sex and opinion:Does the reaction to the new policy appear to be
10.74 A sample of 150 people is observed using one of four entrances to a commercial building. The data are as follows:a Test the hypothesis that all four entrances are used equally often. Use .b
10.75 The use of aerosol dispensers has been somewhat controversial because of their possible effects on the ozone. A random sample of 300 women in 2003 found that 35% feared the aerosol effects on
10.76 The study referenced in Exercise 10.75 was actually a 5-year study, with a random sample of 300 respondents per year. The percents of respondents stating that the aerosol dispensers did not
10.77 Industrial workers who are required to wear respirators were checked periodically to see that the equipment fit properly. From past records, it was expected that 1.2% of those checked would
10.78 In a study of 1,000 major U.S. firms in 2001, 54%stated that quality of life was a major factor in locating corporate headquarters. A similar study of 1,000 firms in 2006 showed 55% making this
10.79 For fabric coming off a certain loom, the number of defects per square yard is counted on 50 sample specimens, each 1 square yard in size. The results are as follows:Test the hypothesis that

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