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mathematics
statistics the art and science

Questions and Answers of Statistics The Art and Science

Rock-Paper-Scissors, also called Roshambo, is a popular two-player game often used to quickly determine a winner and loser. In the game, each player puts out a fist (rock), a flat hand (paper), or a
In the book Scorecasting, we learn that ‘‘Across 43 professional soccer leagues in 24 different countries spanning Europe, South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the United States (covering
A recent study shows that antibiotics added to animal feed to accelerate growth can become airborne. Some of these drugs can be toxic if inhaled and may increase the evolution of antibiotic-resistant
A 2012 survey examined cell phone ownership by US adults. The results of the survey are shown in Table 2.7.Cell Phone Owned...............FrequencyAndroid smartphone.................458iPhone
Scientists are working to train dogs to smell cancer, including early stage cancer that might not be detected with other means. In previous studies, dogs have been able to distinguish the smell of
In Data 2.1 on page 46, we introduce a study in which people were asked whether they agreed or disagreed with the statement that there is only one true love for each person. Is the level of a
The StudentSurvey dataset includes variables on gender and on whether or not the student smokes. Who smokes more: males or females? Table 2.9 shows a two-way table of these two variables.Table 2.9(a)
A disruption of a gene called DYXC1 on chromosome 15 for humans may be related to an increased risk of developing dyslexia. Researchers studied the gene in 109 people diagnosed with dyslexia and in a
People who have a brush with death occasionally report experiencing a near-death experience, which includes the sensation of seeing a bright light or feeling separated from one’s body or sensing
A recent study examined the link between miscarriage and the use of painkillers during pregnancy. Scientists interviewed 1009 women soon after they got positive results from pregnancy tests about
If we have learned to solve problems by one method, we often have difficulty bringing new insight to similar problems. However, electrical stimulation of the brain appears to help subjects come up
The Bureau of Labor Statistics in the US tells us that, in 2010, the unemployment rate for high school graduates with no college degree is 9.7% while the unemployment rate for college graduates with
Studies have concluded that smoking while pregnant can have negative consequences, but could smoking also negatively affect one€™s ability to become pregnant? A study collected data on 678
Students in the ACHA€“NCHA survey were asked €˜€˜Within the last 12 months, have you been in a relationship (meaning an intimate/coupled/partnered relationship) that was
Students in the ACHA€“NCHA survey were asked €˜€˜Within the last two weeks, how many times have you had five or more drinks of alcohol at a sitting?€ The
Students in the ACHA€“NCHA survey were asked two questions about alcohol use, one about their own personal consumption of alcohol and one about their perception of other
Students in the ACHA€“NCHA survey were asked €˜€˜Within the last 12 months, has stress negatively affected your academics?€ Figure 2.4(a) shows a segmented
In order for a vaccine to be effective, it should reduce a person’s chance of acquiring a disease. Consider a hypothetical vaccine for malaria—a tropical disease that kills between 1.5 and 2.7
Four students were working together on a project and one of the parts involved making a graph to display the relationship in a two-way table of data with two categorical variables: college
Which histograms are skewed to the left?Refer to histograms A through H in Figure 2.12. 2.0 -50 0.0 1.0 3 150 5 15 25 D -1 -3 8 14 -7 -4 -1 G Н Figure 2.12 Eight histograms LO 09 007 01 08 01 250 09
Which histograms are skewed to the right?Refer to histograms A through H in Figure 2.12. 2.0 -50 0.0 1.0 3 150 5 15 25 D -1 -3 8 14 -7 -4 -1 G Н Figure 2.12 Eight histograms LO 09 007 01 08 01 250
Which histograms are approximately symmetric?Refer to histograms A through H in Figure 2.12. 2.0 -50 0.0 1.0 3 150 5 15 25 D -1 -3 8 14 -7 -4 -1 G Н Figure 2.12 Eight histograms LO 09 007 01 08 01
Which histograms are approximately symmetric and bell-shaped?Refer to histograms A through H in Figure 2.12. 2.0 -50 0.0 1.0 3 150 5 15 25 D -1 -3 8 14 -7 -4 -1 G Н Figure 2.12 Eight histograms LO
For each of the four histograms A, B, C, and D, state whether the mean is likely to be larger than the median, smaller than the median, or approximately equal to the median.Refer to histograms A
For each of the four histograms E, F, G, and H, state whether the mean is likely to be larger than the median, smaller than the median, or approximately equal to the median.Refer to histograms A
Which of the distributions is likely to have the largest mean? The smallest mean?Refer to histograms A through H in Figure 2.12. 2.0 -50 0.0 1.0 3 150 5 15 25 D -1 -3 8 14 -7 -4 -1 G Н Figure 2.12
Following the steps below, design a randomized comparative experiment to test whether fluoxetine (the active ingredient in Prozac pills) is effective at reducing depression. The participants are 50
New research supports the idea that people who get a good night’s sleep look more attractive. In the study, subjects ages 18 to 31 were photographed twice, once after a good night’s sleep and
A study published in 2010 showed that city dwellers have a 21% higher risk of developing anxiety disorders and a 39% higher risk of developing mood disorders than those who live in the country. A
A recent study examined the impact of the color red on how attractive men perceive women to be. In the study, men were randomly divided into two groups and were asked to rate the attractiveness of
In 2008, a study was conducted measuring the impact that music volume has on beer consumption. The researchers went into bars, controlled the music volume, and measured how much beer was consumed.
The president of a large university recently announced that the school would be switching to dorms that are all single-sex, because, he says, research shows that single-sex dorms reduce the number of
A headline at MSNBC.com stated ‘‘One way to ward off Alzheimer’s: Take a hike. Study: Walking at least one mile a day reduces risk of cognitive impairment by half.” The article reports on a
In elementary school (grades 1 to 6), there is a strong association between a child’s height and the child’s reading ability. Taller children tend to be able to read at a higher level. However,
Three situations are described at the start of this section,. In the third bullet, we describe an association between the amount of salt spread on the roads and the number of accidents. Describe a
Three situations are described at the start of this section. In the second bullet, we describe an association between activity at a building’s heating plant and more employees missing work due to
‘‘Are there human pheromones?” Introduced. Three studies are described; indicate whether each of them is an experiment or an observational study.We describe data collection methods. Indicate
‘‘Is there a sprinting gene?”We describe data collection methods. Indicate whether the data come from an experiment or an observational study.
To examine whether farm-grown salmon contain more omega-3 oils if water is more acidic, we collect samples of salmon and water from multiple fish farms to see if the two variables are related.We
To examine whether planting trees reduces air pollution, we find a sample of city blocks with similar levels of air pollution and we then plant trees in half of the blocks in the sample. After
To examine whether playing music in a store increases the amount customers spend, we randomly assign some stores to play music and some to stay silent and compare the average amount spent by
To examine whether eating brown rice affects metabolism, we ask a random sample of people whether they eat brown rice and we also measure their metabolism rate.We describe data collection methods to
People with shorter hair tend to be taller.Describe an association between two variables. Give a confounding variable that may help to account for this association.
Air pollution is higher in places with a higher proportion of paved ground relative to grassy ground.Describe an association between two variables. Give a confounding variable that may help to
Sales of toboggans tend to be higher when sales of mittens are higher.Describe an association between two variables. Give a confounding variable that may help to account for this association.
People who own a yacht are more likely to buy a sports car.Describe an association between two variables. Give a confounding variable that may help to account for this association.
The total amount of beef consumed and the total amount of pork consumed worldwide are closely related over the past 100 years.Describe an association between two variables. Give a confounding
More ice cream sales have been linked to more deaths by drowning.Describe an association between two variables. Give a confounding variable that may help to account for this association.
Want to lose weight? Eat more fiber!We give a headline that recently appeared online or in print. State whether the claim is one of association and causation, association only, or neither association
Cat owners tend to be more educated than dog owners.We give a headline that recently appeared online or in print. State whether the claim is one of association and causation, association only, or
Wealthy people are more likely than other folks to lie, cheat, and steal.We give a headline that recently appeared online or in print. State whether the claim is one of association and causation,
Cell phone radiation leads to deaths in honey bees.We give a headline that recently appeared online or in print. State whether the claim is one of association and causation, association only, or
Among college students, no link found between number of friends on social networking websites and size of the university.We give a headline that recently appeared online or in print. State whether
Daily exercise improves mental performance.We give a headline that recently appeared online or in print. State whether the claim is one of association and causation, association only, or neither
A strawberry farmer has planted 100 rows of plants, each 12 inches apart, and there are about 300 plants in each row. He would like to select a random sample of 30 plants to estimate the average
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) administers a large number of survey programs for monitoring the status of health and health care in the US. One of these programs is the National
Employment statistics in the US are often based on two nationwide monthly surveys: the Current Population Survey (CPS) and the Current Employment Statistics (CES) survey. The CPS samples
Investigators posing as fair-skinned teenage girls contacted 300 tanning salons nationwide, including at least three randomly selected in each state. The investigators report that 90% of the salons
The Pew Research Center polled a random sample of n = 808 US residents between the ages of 18 and 34. Of those in the sample, 24% had moved back in with their parents for economic reasons after
In 1986 the Federal Office of Road Safety in Australia conducted an experiment to assess the effects of alcohol and marijuana on mood and performance. Participants were volunteers who responded to
One of the daily polls on CNN.com during June 2011 asked ‘‘Does Physical Beauty Matter to You?” Of 38,485 people responding, 79% said yes and 21% said no. Can we conclude that about 79% of all
In a sample survey of professors at the University of Nebraska, 94% of them described themselves as ‘‘above average” teachers.(a) What is the sample? What is the population?(b) Based on the
In Example 1.10, we introduce a study by researchers from Harris Interactive who were interested in determining what percent of people wash their hands after using the washroom. They collected data
Ask a random sample of students at the library on a Friday night ‘‘How many hours a week do you study?” to collect data to estimate the average number of hours a week that all college students
The population is adults between the ages of 18 and 22. A sample of 100 students is collected from a local university, and each student at the university had an equal chance of being selected for the
The population is all employees at a company. All employees are emailed a link to a survey.State whether or not the sampling method described produces a random sample from the given population.
To estimate size of trout in a lake, an angler records the weight of 12 trout he catches over a weekend.State whether the data are best described as a population or a sample.
A large restaurant chain (see Example 1.6) periodically offers special milk shake flavors for a limited time. Suppose that the contenders for the next special flavor are Green Mint, Orange Crush, Egg
Take a random sample of one type of printer and test each printer to see how many pages of text each will print before the ink runs out. Use the average from the sample to estimate how many pages, on
Take 10 apples off the top of a truckload of apples and measure the amount of bruising on those apples to estimate how much bruising there is, on average, in the whole truckload.Indicate whether we
Ask a random sample of people in a given school district ‘‘Excellent teachers are essential to the well-being of children in this community, and teachers truly deserve a salary raise this year.
The population is all people who visit the website CNN.com. All visitors to the website are invited to take part in the daily online poll.State whether or not the sampling method described produces a
The population is all trees in a forest. We walk through the forest and pick out trees that appear to be representative of all the trees in the forest.State whether or not the sampling method
The population is the approximately 25,000 protein-coding genes in human DNA. Each gene is assigned a number (from 1 to 25,000), and computer software is used to randomly select 100 of these numbers
The population is incoming students at a particular university. The name of each incoming student is thrown into a hat, the names are mixed, and 20 names (each corresponding to a different student)
To determine the height distribution of female high school students, the rosters are collected from 20 randomly selected high school girls basketball teams.(a) The sample.(b) The population of
To investigate interest across all residents of the US in a new type of ice skate, a random sample of 1500 people in Minnesota are asked about their interest in the product.(a) The sample.(b) The
To investigate the growth of the canine population in New York City, 100 dogs are randomly selected from a registry of licensed pets in the city, and it is found that 78 of them have been
To estimate the proportion of Americans who support changing the drinking age from 21 to 18, a random sample of 100 college students are asked the question ‘‘Would you support a measure to lower
The Nielsen Corporation attaches databoxes to televisions in 1000 households throughout the US to monitor what shows are being watched and produce the Nielsen Ratings for television.Describe the
A hungry yet diligent snacker eats an entire package of Chips Ahoy! cookies while counting and recording the number of chocolate chips in each cookie.Describe the sample and describe a reasonable
A cell phone carrier sends a satisfaction survey to 100 randomly selected customers.Describe the sample and describe a reasonable population.
Five hundred Canadian adults are asked if they are proficient on a musical instrument.Describe the sample and describe a reasonable population.
A fishing boat captain examines one day’s catch of fish to see if the average weight of fish in that area is large enough to make fishing there profitable.Describe the sample and describe a
A sociologist conducting a survey at a mall interviews 120 people about their cell phone use.Describe the sample and describe a reasonable population.
A questionnaire to understand athletic participation on a college campus is emailed to 50 college students, and all of them respond.State whether the data are best described as a population or a
Are richer people happier? How might we collect data to answer this question? What would the cases be? What would the variable(s) be?
Suppose that we want to investigate the question ‘‘Does voter turnout differ by political party?” How might we collect data to answer this question? What would the cases be? What would the
Forty-one employees of a biotechnology company participated in a study that examines the immunological and psychological effects of meditation. Twenty-five of the participants, chosen at random,
An economist collects data from many people to determine how age and income are related. How the data is collected determines whether the variables are quantitative or categorical. Describe how the
On January 14, 2012, Andrew Brown of Great Britain set the world record time (40 days) for rowing solo across the northern Atlantic Ocean. On March 14, 2010, Katie Spotz of the United States became
Hookahs are waterpipes used for smoking flavored tobacco. One study of 3770 university students in North Carolina found that 40% had smoked a hookah at least once, with many claiming that hookah
In Exercise 1.17, we ask whether experiences of parents can affect future children, and describe a study that suggests the answer is yes. A second study, described in the same reference, shows
Can experiences of parents affect future children? New studies suggest that they can: Early life experiences of parents appear to cause permanent changes in sperm and eggs. In one study, some male
Example 1.5 studied a variant of the gene ACTN3 which inhibits fast-twitch muscles and seems to be less prevalent in sprinters. A separate study indicated ethnic differences: Approximately 20% of a
When women take birth control pills, some of the hormones found in the pills eventually make their way into lakes and waterways. In one study, a water sample was taken from various lakes. The data
Spiders regularly engage in spider foreplay that does not culminate in mating. Male spiders mature faster than female spiders and often practice the mating routine on not-yet-mature females. Since
The data from a study examining the association between diet and plasma retinol and beta-carotene levels are given in Nutrition Study. The data include 315 observations and 16 variables that are
Information about the world’s countries is given in All Countries, introduced in Data 1.2 . You can find a description of the variables in Appendix B. For the full dataset:(a) Indicate which of the
Data 1.1 introduced the dataset StudentSurvey, and Example 1.2 identified seven of the variables in that dataset as categorical or quantitative. The remaining variables are:Year

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