16. For the following, should the researcher perform parametric or nonparametric procedures?

(a) When ranking the intelligence of a group of people given a smart pill,

(b) When comparing the median income for a group of college professors to that of the national population of all incomes,

(c) When comparing the mean reading speed for a sample of hearing-impaired children to the average reading speed in the population of hearing children,

(d) When measuring interval scores from a personality test given to a group of emotionally troubled people and com¬ paring them to the population p. for emotionally healthy people.