1.3. In the late fifteenth century, Europe consumed about 2 million pounds of pepper per year. At this time, Venice (ruled by a small, tightly knit group of merchants) was the major player in the pepper trade. But after Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama blazed a path around Mrica into the Indian Ocean in 1498, Venice found itself competing with Portugal's trade route. By the mid-sixteenth century, Europeans consumed 6 to 7 million pounds per year, much of it through Lisbon. Mter da Gama's success, the price of pepper fell.

a. During the fifteenth century, was it likely that a cartel was restricting pepper imports?

Why or why not?

b. If the price of pepper before 1498 had been lower, would da Gama have been more willing or less willing to sail around South Africa's Cape of Good Hope? Why?

c. Of the three reasons listed in this chapter for why cartels weaken, which one best explains the decline of Venice's influence on the world pepper trade?

d. The ruling merchants ofVenice had no political power in other parts ofEurope.

Why is that important in understanding how European pepper consumption more than tripled in just over half a century?