Explain whether the following actions of a potential employer would likely be the result of signaling or economic discrimination. The employer

a) hires a male over a female applicant, assuming qualifications are the same;

b) hires a married male over an unmarried male applicant, assuming qualifications are the same;

c) hires a Protestant over a Catholic applicant, assuming qualifications are the same;

d) hires a senior citizen over a teenage applicant, assuming qualifications are the same.