Questions and Answers of Behavior In Organizations

Skinner emphasized that behavior (including human behavior) resulted from _________ .a genesb environmentc self- determinationd both (a) and (b)
Which of the following statements is true of Pavlov and his contributions?a he won the Nobel Prizeb he investigated the salivary reflexc he discovered the conditioned (or conditional) reflexd all of
How are thinking and feeling treated from a behavioral perspective?a as more private behavior to be explainedb as the causes of overt behaviorc the relation between the mental and the physicald the
In terms of finding an object that is missing or hidden:a a structural account points to stages of development and object permanenceb a behavioral account points to a particular history of
The term _________ refers to behavior that is elicited, and the term __________refers to behavior that isemitted.a operant; respondentb respondent; operantc reflexive; flexibled flexible; reflexive
Any stimulus (or event) that follows a response and increases its frequency is said to have:a a reinforcement functionb a discriminative functionc a conditioned- stimulus functiond a consequence
In functional analysis, positive and negative reinforcers are examples of:a response classesb stimulus classesc conditioned stimulid unconditioned stimuli
In terms of behavior– environment relations, establishing operations:a are used to construct the foundations of behaviorb increase the momentary effectiveness of reinforcementc increase momentarily
The variable manipulated by the experimenter is the _________ , and the measured effect is the __________ .a dependent; independentb extraneous; dependentc independent; dependentd independent;
In terms of the reversal design and behavioral experiments:a the A phase is called the baselineb the B phase is the experimental manipulationc the design is used in single- subject experimentsd all
Baseline sensitivity means that:a behavior is sensitive to a low dose of drugb behavior is sensitive to a high dose of drugc behavior is sensitive to both high and low doses of drugd behavior is
The presence of trend in baseline measures:a refers to a systematic rise or decline in the baseline valuesb is a problem when the treatment- expected change is in the direction of the trendc can be
In terms of the Stroop effect, behavior analysts point to _________ and __________ as reasons for hesitation.a response competition; learningb learning; reinforcementc response competition; history
Behavior relations based on the genetic endowment of the organism are described as:a operantsb reflexesc ontogeneticd phylogenetic
Complex sequences of released behaviors are called:a traitsb reaction chainsc fixed- action patternsd second- order conditioned reflexes
Reflexive behavior is said to be _________ and __________ .a built in; flexibleb involuntary; elicitedc respondent; emittedd voluntary; inflexible
Primary laws of the reflex do not include:a the law of latencyb the law of thresholdc the law of habituationd the law of magnitude
A diminution in the UR due to repeated presentation of the US is called:a habituationb extinctionc forgettingd sensitization
Respondent conditioning might also be called:a S– R conditioningb S– S pairingc CS– CR associationd R– S learning
To reduce an unwanted CR, one should:a present the CS without the CRb present the CR without the USc present the US without the CSd present the CS without the US
Drug tolerance induced by a particular stimulus or setting has been shown to be a result of:a generalizationb metabolizationc discriminationd conditioned compensatory response
Which of the following is not a traditional way of relating the CS and a US?a traceb simultaneousc delayedd overshadowing
The Rescorla– Wagner theory suggests that a CS becomes effective:a graduallyb through backward conditioningc by conditioned inhibitiond following tolerance
The term operant comes from the verb ________ and refers to behavior that__________.a opponent; opposes its consequences in a given environmentb opendum; opens the door to its effects on a given
What defines a contingency of reinforcement?a discriminative stimulusb operantc reinforcementd all of the above
Which of the following is not one of the four basic contingencies?a positive reinforcementb positive extinctionc negative punishmentd negative reinforcement
In terms of rewards and intrinsic motivation, Cameron et al. (2001) conducted a statistical procedure called____________ , and one of the findings indicated that verbal rewards ___________
The Premack principle states that a higher- frequency behavior will:a function as reinforcement for a lower- frequency behaviorb function as punishment for a high- frequency behaviorc function as
To experimentally study the probability of response, a researcher uses ________ as the basic measure and follows the ________ method.a latency; T- mazeb latency; free operantc operant rate; T- mazed
Shaping of behavior involves:a the molding of a response class by the physical arrangement of the operant chamberb differentially reinforcing closer and closer approximations to the final
A classic experiment on the effects of extinction by Antonitis (1951) involved:a nose poking by rats for food reinforcementb photographs of the rats’ position and body anglec increased variability
In terms of response stereotypes, variability, and reinforcement, the work by Barry Schwartz shows that reinforcement can produce _________ patterns of behavior, while the work of Neuringer and his
Which of the following is involved in the partial reinforcement effect?a longer extinction on intermittent reinforcement compared with CRFb the higher the rate of reinforcement, the greater the
Schedules of reinforcement were first described by:a Charles Fersterb Francis Mechnerc B. F. Skinnerd Fergus Lowe
Infrequent reinforcement generates responding that is persistent. What is this called?a postreinforcement pauseb partial reinforcement effectc molar maximizingd intermittent resistance
The main or direct effect of an FR 25 schedule is:a. break and runb. scallopc. 25 responsesd. one first response after 25 s
Resurgence happens when:a behavior is put on extinctionb reinforcement magnitude is doubledc high- probability behavior persistsd response variability declines
Schedules that generate predictable break- and- run “stair- step” patterns are:a fixed intervalb fixed ratioc variable ratiod random ratio
Variable- ratio schedules generate:a postreinforcement pausesb locked ratesc break- and- run performanced high rates of response
Schedules that combine time and one response are called:a partial reinforcement schedulesb complex schedulesc interval schedulesd fixed- time schedules
The side- effect shape of the response pattern generated by an FI is called a:a scallopb ogivec break and paused accelerating dynamic
Human performance on FI differs from animal data due to:a intelligence differencesb self- instructionc contingency effectsd alternative strategies
Behavior is said to be in transition when it is between:a the PRP and IRIb stable statesc one schedule and anotherd a response run
In terms of aversive stimuli, attacks and foul odors are ________ , while threats and failing grades are___________.a potent; impotentb natural; secondaryc primary; conditionedd primitive; cultured
Punishment:a. increases the behavior on which it is contingentb. decreases the behavior on which it is contingentc. does not workd. should be used whenever possible
Punishment:a. increases the behavior on which it is contingentb. decreases the behavior on which it is contingentc. does not workd. should be used whenever possible
In studies on avoidance, the time between shocks if the organism does nothing is the _ interval and the time between an avoidance response and the next shock is the _ interval.a temporal shock;
The procedure of nondiscriminated avoidance is also called:a signaled avoidanceb sensory aversionc Sidman avoidanced Stevens aversion
In terms of operant– respondent interactions, persistence, and avoidance:a operant avoidance prevents respondent extinctionb operant avoidance interacts with respondent aggressionc operant
For learned helplessness, pre- exposure to escape _ the helplessness brought on by _ aversivestimulation.a enhances; noncontingentb causes; excessivec augments; expectedd blocks; inescapable
With regard to displaced aggression, Ulrich and Azrin (1962) found that the probability of attack for any single shock:a decreased as the number of shocks increasedb remained constant as the number
Which are side effects of punishment?a. displaced aggressionb. learned helplessnessc. social disruptiond. all of the above
In terms of dropping out, Sidman (2001) indicates that one basic element is:a escape due to coercionb escape due to positive reinforcementc escape due to contingencies of avoidanced escape due to a
In terms of operant contingencies and the intrusion of reflexive behavior:a operant procedures elicit reflexive behavior directly by the contingencies of reinforcementb reflexive behavior is elicited
What did Brown and Jenkins (1968) conclude about autoshaping in their pigeons?a the look– peck coupling is species- specific and results in pecks to the illuminated keyb following illumination of
Phenomena such as instinctive drift, sign tracking, and autoshaping have been analyzed as:a stimulus substitution, where the CS substitutes for the USb behavior systems activated by the US and the
In terms of operant conditioning of reflexive behavior, the experiment by Miller and Carmona (1967):a showed conclusive results for operant conditioning of salivationb showed that salivation and
What does the evidence suggest about the operant conditioning of reflexive behavior?a reflexes can be conditioned by operant procedures in some circumstancesb reflexive behavior is hardly ever
When a CS compound (color and taste) is associated with illness, different species show avoidance to the twoparts of the compound. This phenomenon is called:a species readinessb species setc species
What did Lett and Grant (1996) suggest with regard to activity anorexia?a it could involve taste aversion induced by physical activityb it probably explains taste aversion conditioningc it is the
Excessive drinking is technically called:a polyhydrationb polydipsiac polyfluidityd polydistation
What is the basic finding for activity anorexia?a decreased food intake increases physical activityb increased food intake increases physical activityc physical activity decreases food intaked both
An SΔ sets the occasion upon which a response is _ reinforced.a sometimesb alwaysc neverd maybe
An SD does not cause or elicit the appearance of a response the way a _ does.a URb SRc CSd CR
In operant conditioning, what is the antecedent stimulus paired with reinforcement called?a SΔb S– R– Sc SDd CS
A two- component schedule in which both components have separate stimuli is called a:a MIXb CONCc TANDd MULT
To keep the onset of SD from reinforcing responses in SΔ, one needs to add a(n) _ contingency.a EXTb IRTc DROd PRP
If reinforcers on one schedule are depleted and responding in another schedule increases, we call this:a negative contrastb positive contrastc substitutabilityd anticipatory contrast
A change in maximal generalization responding, away from SΔ to the other side of SD, is called:a gradient shiftb relative controlc stimulus controld peak shift
A shaping procedure that gradually changes stimulus control from one element to another is called:a approximationsb fadingc transferd conditional discrimination
If you trained a pigeon to turn in a circle when a TURN sign was presented, you could say that the bird was:a discriminatingb conceptually orientedc readingd both (a) and (c)
With careful shaping and fading one might develop discrimination without:a reinforcementb extinctionc contrastd errors
In terms of behavior, choice is concerned with:a the distribution of behavior among alternative sources of reinforcementb the decision- making capabilities of the organismc the information processing
Which of the following is used to investigate choice in the laboratory?a an operant chamber with a single manipulandumb two cumulative recorders that are running successivelyc concurrent schedules of
In order to prevent switching on concurrent schedules:a program an intermittent schedule of reinforcementb program a changeover delayc program a multiple scheduled program a DRO contingency
The experiment by Herrnstein (1961b) using a two- key concurrent VI VI schedule is described by:a the matching relation for a single alternativeb the quantitative law of effectc the proportional
The generalized matching relation has described the choice behavior of:a pigeonsb wagtailsc ratsd all of the above
When the response is continuous rather than discrete, use a matching equation for:a time spent on each alternativeb rate of response on each alternativec several concurrent schedules of
The equation for matching of ratios of rates of response to rates of reinforcement:a is stated in terms of a power lawb includes a value for biasc includes a value for sensitivityd is characterized
In contrast to optimal foraging, the process of _ has been described.a maximizationb meliorationc multiple schedule inferenced monotonic matching
Behavioral economics involves the use of:a economic principles to describe and analyze behavioral choiceb economic factors to predict animal behavior in the marketplacec economic indicators when
Delay discounting describesa how reinforcer value degrades with delay to its receiptb is a trait variablec is a state variabled explains why some people may struggle with preventative health
In the laboratory, when a clicking sound is followed by food, the clicking sound:a takes on a conditioned reinforcement functionb will support an operant that produces itc can become an enduring
Backward chaining involves:a teaching the initial component or link firstb teaching the final component or link firstc teaching from the middle to the last component or linkd teaching the final
On a chain schedule of reinforcement, the longer the delay between the SD and unconditioned reinforcement:a the greater the stimulus controlb the less effective the SD as a conditioned reinforcerc
In terms of good news and bad news, research suggests that:a stimuli correlated with positive or negative reinforcement maintain an observing responseb stimuli correlated with punishment and
The behavior analysis of booking a flight on Delta or American Airlines illustrates:a how behavior is distributed on concurrent schedules of reinforcementb how behavior is distributed on a
According to Skinner (1953), a generalized conditioned reinforcer:a is extremely useful because it can be carried around and made contingent on behaviorb is not very useful because it relies on the
Attention from other people is usually reinforcing for children because:a attention has preceded a variety of reinforcements from peopleb attention is needed for children to develop into emotionally
Victims sometimes become emotionally attached to people who mistreat them. This could be due to:a the abuser punishing affectionate behavior of the victimb the abuser negatively reinforcing
The research on token reinforcement and chimpanzees shows:a token and food reinforcement are similar in maintaining behaviorb tokens can bridge the interval between earning and spendingc token
Systems of token reinforcement in humans have been used to improve the behavior of:a patients with psychiatric disordersb children who engage in criminal actsc typically developing childrend medical
The relation between saying and doing is formally a ________ relation.a cognitive consistencyb correspondencec synergisticd dose– response
Imitation requires that the learner emits a ________ response that could only occur by observing a(n) ________ emit a similar response.a significant; peerb operant; organismc novel; modeld similar;
What did Thorndike (1898) conclude from imitation experiments with animals?a animals show amazing intelligenceb animals can easily imitate another member of their speciesc animals do not show a
The second experiment by Epstein (1984) concerned __________ and showed that spontaneous imitation in pigeons occurred after__________ had elapsed.a delayed imitation; 24 hb deferred matching; 48 hc
In the study (Experiment 1) of infant imitation by Meltzoff and Moore (1977), the researchers:a used 12- to 21- day- old infantsb presented a passive face for 90 sc presented four gestures in random
Both humans and pigeons seem to engage in spontaneous imitation. The appearance of similar behavior:a shows that humans and pigeons share much in commonb shows identical functions of the behaviorc
With regard to generalized imitation, which of the following statements are true?a generalized imitation is based on principles of social cognitionb generalized imitation provides an account of
To show the importance of __________for Marilla’s__________imitations, Don Baer changed the__________of reinforcement.a stimulus control; immediate; contingencyb stimulus control; spontaneous;

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