Questions and Answers of Behavior In Organizations

Behavioral economics involves the use of:a economic principles to describe and analyze behavioral choiceb economic factors to predict animal behavior in the marketplacec economic indicators when
Delay discounting describesa how reinforcer value degrades with delay to its receiptb is a trait variablec is a state variabled explains why some people may struggle with preventative health
In the laboratory, when a clicking sound is followed by food, the clicking sound:a takes on a conditioned reinforcement functionb will support an operant that produces itc can become an enduring
Backward chaining involves:a teaching the initial component or link firstb teaching the final component or link firstc teaching from the middle to the last component or linkd teaching the final
On a chain schedule of reinforcement, the longer the delay between the SD and unconditioned reinforcement:a the greater the stimulus controlb the less effective the SD as a conditioned reinforcerc
In terms of good news and bad news, research suggests that:a stimuli correlated with positive or negative reinforcement maintain an observing responseb stimuli correlated with punishment and
The behavior analysis of booking a flight on Delta or American Airlines illustrates:a how behavior is distributed on concurrent schedules of reinforcementb how behavior is distributed on a
According to Skinner (1953), a generalized conditioned reinforcer:a is extremely useful because it can be carried around and made contingent on behaviorb is not very useful because it relies on the
Attention from other people is usually reinforcing for children because:a attention has preceded a variety of reinforcements from peopleb attention is needed for children to develop into emotionally
Victims sometimes become emotionally attached to people who mistreat them. This could be due to:a the abuser punishing affectionate behavior of the victimb the abuser negatively reinforcing
The research on token reinforcement and chimpanzees shows:a token and food reinforcement are similar in maintaining behaviorb tokens can bridge the interval between earning and spendingc token
Systems of token reinforcement in humans have been used to improve the behavior of:a patients with psychiatric disordersb children who engage in criminal actsc typically developing childrend medical
The relation between saying and doing is formally a ________ relation.a cognitive consistencyb correspondencec synergisticd dose– response
Imitation requires that the learner emits a ________ response that could only occur by observing a(n) ________ emit a similar response.a significant; peerb operant; organismc novel; modeld similar;
What did Thorndike (1898) conclude from imitation experiments with animals?a animals show amazing intelligenceb animals can easily imitate another member of their speciesc animals do not show a
The second experiment by Epstein (1984) concerned __________ and showed that spontaneous imitation in pigeons occurred after__________ had elapsed.a delayed imitation; 24 hb deferred matching; 48 hc
In the study (Experiment 1) of infant imitation by Meltzoff and Moore (1977), the researchers:a used 12- to 21- day- old infantsb presented a passive face for 90 sc presented four gestures in random
Both humans and pigeons seem to engage in spontaneous imitation. The appearance of similar behavior:a shows that humans and pigeons share much in commonb shows identical functions of the behaviorc
With regard to generalized imitation, which of the following statements are true?a generalized imitation is based on principles of social cognitionb generalized imitation provides an account of
To show the importance of __________for Marilla’s__________imitations, Don Baer changed the__________of reinforcement.a stimulus control; immediate; contingencyb stimulus control; spontaneous;
Rule- governed behavior involves:a control by contingency- specifying stimuli (verbal stimuli)b the effects of instructions on the behavior of the listenerc the effects of advice given by a
Rule following is ____________ regulated by ____________ of reinforcement.a behavior; contingenciesb cognitively; expectanciesc mentally; contingenciesd socially; expectancies
_________introduced the term verbal behavior to deal with the ___________ of the speaker.a Chomsky; transformational grammarb Skinner; performancec Crick; conscienced Pavlov; conditioned responses
According to the behavioral or functional account, sign language, gestures, and body movements are instances of:a nonverbal communicationb message transmissionc verbal behaviord culture and tradition
One kind of conditioned establishing operation (CEO) called the _______involves withholding an object oritem necessary to complete a behavioral sequence.a no item methodb absent object techniquec
When a verbal response depends on a verbal discriminative stimulus, the verbal relations are:a mandingb tactingc intraverbald textual
In echoic behavior, when ____________ by the child correspond to those of the adult, the ___________ patterns also overlap.a sounds; temporalb phonemes; reverberationc speech; phonemed articulations;
When John says to his sister Katherine “Could you please get me a glass of water” rather than “Get me a glass of water,” the basic unit added to his mand is called a (an):a textual editingb
A response such as “I have butterflies in my stomach” can be analyzed as: ________ .a generalized tactingb generalized mandingc formal mandingd formal tacting
When reinforcement is based on matching of geometric forms to different line angles, the procedure is called:a identity matchingb matching to samplec transitivity matchingd symbolic matching
When reinforcement is based on matching of geometric forms to different line angles, the procedure is called:a identity matchingb matching to samplec transitivity matchingd symbolic matching
In terms of interlocking contingencies, a vertical arrow (downward) from the speaker’s operant chain to that of the listener’s indicates that:a the speaker’s behavior causes stimulation and/ or
Applied behavior analysis is a field of study that focuses on the application of the ____________, methods, and procedures of the science of behavior.a equationsb principlesc researchd findings
In terms of a behavioral contract, the details usually specify:a what is expected of the clientb the level of attention requiredc the consequences that follow behaviord both (a) and (c)
What is behavior trapping?a the fact that animal behavior leads to trapping by huntersb Don Baer got trapped by a behavioral contingencyc new behavior is trapped by the natural contingenciesd an
Which of the following are multiple baseline designs?a multiple baseline across settingsb multiple baseline across subjectsc multiple baseline across behaviorsd all of the above
In the treatment of substance use disorders, contingency management involves:a the use of fading medical testingb the use of vouchers contingent on abstinencec the use of contingent attentiond the
Fred Keller wrote a seminal article on college teaching called _ .a “Farewell to College Education”b “Good- Bye, Teacher …”c “Keller on Teaching”d “So Long to Higher Education”
Belles and Bradlyn (1987) conducted a smoking cessation study using a ________ design.a multiple baseline across subjectsb A- B- A- B reversalc changing criteriond factorial
What is the first step in early intervention programs for children with autism?a teaching of “splinter skills” to able studentsb teaching of stimulus generalization to those who are advancedc
In the adaptive hypothesis of obesity, a(n) _ confers an advantage under _ food supply.a obese- prone genotype; unpredictableb lean- prone genotype; diminishingc biological predisposition; varyingd
Which of the following is a component of the Food Dudes program?a use of stickers and Food Dudes prizes as reinforcementb use of differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO)c use of social
The single common principle operating at the level of evolution, behavior, and culture is:a selection by designb survival of the fittestc phylogenetic contingenciesd selection by consequences
Natural selection involves:a reproductive fitnessb operant variationc reproductive diversityd ontogenetic adaptation
At what levels does selection by consequences occur?a culturalb biologicalc behaviorald all of the above
Two major sources of genetic variation are mutations and:a phenotypic genesb sexual recombinationc random noveltyd social pressure
Egg laying in Aplysia is an example of:a genetic control of behaviorb environmental control of behaviorc basic instinctsd released action patterns
The behavior of invertebrates such as Aplysia is totally:a controlled by genesb learnedc culturald a and b
Operant behaviors are selected by:a chromosomesb consequencesc choiced cognitions
The ability to have one’s behavior strengthened by reinforcement is:a learnedb heritablec determinedd disadvantageous
Social signaling:a is mostly genetically regulated in beesb is mostly due to reinforcement contingencies in humansc may involve stimulus equivalence in humansd all of the above
What allowed for the emergence of human culture?a evolution of operant processesb evolution of verbal behaviorc social signaling by beesd both (a) and (b)
Differentiate between leadership and management, contrasting the things people in these roles typically do.
Identify the major characteristics that make leaders effective and that help transformational leaders inspire followers to make major changes in their organizations.
Distinguish between the two basic forms of leader behavior: person-oriented behavior and production-oriented behavior, explaining how grid training helps develop them.
Explain what the leader-member exchange (LMX) model says about the relationships between leaders and followers.
Summarize what LPC contingency theory and situational leadership theory say about the connection between leadership style and situational variables.
Describe various techniques used to develop successful leaders in organizations.
Do you know anyone who you consider a charismatic leader or a transformational leader? If so, what is this person like? What has this individual done that suggests that he or she is so special?
Think about the leaders of teams in which you have worked and how they compare to the leaders of other groups that do not operate as teams. In what ways do these leaders behave similarly or
Have you ever participated in a leadership development program? If so, what exactly was done? In what ways was the program effective or ineffective?Questions to Analyze
As we noted, the lines between leading and managing sometimes are blurred in practice. What factors(e.g., technology, the economy, etc.) do you believe are responsible for making this distinction so
As technology advances further in the years to come, how do you think the nature of leadership in work organizations is likely to change?
What techniques of leadership development do you believe would be most effective in the company in which you work? What do you see as the major impediments to the effectiveness of leadership
As noted on pages 495–496, situational leadership theory identifies four basic leadership styles.To be able to identify and enact the most appropriate style of leadership in any given situation, it
A useful way to understand the great person theory is to identify those individuals who may be considered great leaders and then to consider what it is that makes them so great. This exercise is
The president and founder of a small tool and die casting firm tells you, “Nobody around here has any respect for me.The only reason they listen to me is because this is my company.”Company
In the 1970s, Harper’s magazine named Newark, New Jersey—still unrecovered from the 1967 riots that drove away middle-class citizens and thriving businesses—“America’s worst city.” Flash
Kluster, a company that produces a Web-based platform called the Illuminator, is the latest in a string of companies founded by 20-year-old Ben Kaufman, who launched his first business as a high
Insomnia Cookies was founded by Seth Berkowitz when he was a college student. The company, a chain of late-night cookie stores located on college campuses, began with a delivery-only concept, but
Define organizational culture and identify its core characteristics and the various functions it serves in organizations.
Describe the four major forms of organizational culture specified by the competing values framework.
Explain the factors responsible for creating and transmitting organizational culture and for getting it to change.
Define creativity and describe the basic components of individual and team creativity.
Describe various approaches to promoting creativity in organizations.
Identify the basic forms and targets of innovation and the stages of the innovation process.
Think of an organization in which you have worked.In what ways was its culture transmitted to the people who worked in it and those who remained outside, such as the public?
Have you ever worked for an organization whose culture is in need of change? If so, what was the problem? What could have been done to change the culture? What obstacles would have had to be overcome
Do you think of yourself as a creative person? What could you do to become more creative when it comes to the work you do?
Have you ever worked for a highly innovative company? If so, what was done that made it so innovative? If not, what could have been done to make it more innovative?
Organizational culture is a “mushy” concept. You can’t see it, yet you know it’s there. What indications are there that organizational culture really does exist?
Think of an instance in which you were especially creative.Did it involve a task at which you were particularly skillful and that you found interesting (e.g., composing music)? Also, did you use any
A highly effective way of “getting your creative juices flowing” is by thinking of things in unusual ways. (This is the concept of divergent thinking that we described on page 526.) Doing this
Newcomers’ impressions of an organization’s culture depend greatly on visual images. Even without knowing anything about a company, just seeing the workplace sends a message, intentional or
The president of your organization, a small manufacturing company, has been complaining that sales are stagnant. A key problem, you discover, is that the market for the products your firm makes is
Amazon.com widely is considered the world’s best online retail site, the undisputed leader of Internet commerce. Although many e-tailers pulled their plugs during the dotcom bust of the late
Describe what is meant by organizational structure and the basic characteristics of organizational structure revealed in an organization chart.
Describe different approaches to departmentalization—functional organizations, product organizations, and matrix organizations.
Distinguish between classical and neoclassical approaches to organizational design and between mechanistic organizations and organic organizations, as described by the contingency approach to
Describe the five organizational forms identified by Mintzberg: simple structure, machine bureaucracy, professional bureaucracy, divisional structure, and adhocracy.
Explain how organizations can be designed with strategy in mind.
Characterize three forms of intraorganizational design—boundaryless organizations, conglomerates, and strategic alliances.
Think of the organization in which you currently work—specifically, the work group or department with which you are most closely affiliated. How would you characterize this unit with respect to
Based on your own experiences, do you think that traditional, hierarchical organizations are giving way to less well-structured, boundaryless forms of organization? In other words, do you see this
Have you ever worked for a company that was involved in a strategic alliance of some kind? How about a virtual organization? If so, how was the experience different from working for a traditional
For what types of business endeavors do you think virtual organizations are particularly well suited, and for what type do you believe they should be avoided?
What particular organizations would appear to benefit from the use of boundaryless designs? Explain why.
Organizations differ in terms how highly centralized they are. This questionnaire is designed to help you identify the degree to which your organization is centralized.Questions for Discussion1.
One of the easiest things to determine about a company by looking at its organization chart is its span of control. This exercise will allow you to learn about and compare span of control within
Fabricate-It, Inc., is a medium-size manufacturing company that uses standard assembly lines to produce its products.Its employees tend to be poorly educated and perform monotonous work. Think-It,

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