Coercive power is defined as the ability to punish either by administering a punishment or by withholding something that an individual needs or wants. Coercive power stems from P’s expectation that O will administer a punishment if P fails to conform to the influence attempt. As with reward power, for coercive power to be effective, P must perceive that O has the ability to punish or sanction, and this negative valence must have some value (e.g., avoidance of punishment) to P.  LO1.1