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physics
college physics 2nd

Questions and Answers of College Physics 2nd

In a fish tank, it is possible to have stray potentials from lights and other equipment. The fish in the tank position themselves to minimize the potential difference between any two points on their
Figure Q21.21 shows two concentric circular electrodes, charged as noted. What can you conclude about the electric potential and the field strength at the two noted points between the two
The radius of a calcium atom is approximately 0.23 nm. What is the ionization energy?
The radius of a cadmium atom is approximately 0.16 nm. What is the ionization energy?
Guiana dolphins are one of the few mammals able to detect electric fields. In a test of sensitivity, a dolphin was exposed to the variable electric field from a pair of charged electrodes. The
Raindrops acquire an electric charge as they fall. Suppose a 2.5-mm-diameter drop has a charge of +15 pC, fairly typical values. What is the potential at the surface of the raindrop?
Students in an introductory physics lab are producing a region of uniform electric field by applying a voltage to two 20-cmdiameter aluminum plates separated by 2.5 cm. They connect the two plates to
In experimental tests, sharks have shown the ability to locate dipole electrodes (simulating the dipole fields of the heartbeats of prey animals) buried under the sand. In a test with young
The gecko in the photo is sticking upside down to a smooth ceiling. The remarkable adhesion might be due to static electricity. Gecko feet are covered with microscopic hairs. When these hairs rub
When a hummingbird visits a flower, its wings rub against the flower and leaves, and this can result in a noticeable charge on the bird. There is an opposite charge in the earth. We can consider the
The earth is negatively charged, carrying 500,000 C of electric charge. This results in a 300 kV potential difference between the earth and the positively charged ionosphere. What is the capacitance
Nerve cells in your body can be electrically stimulated; a large enough change in a membrane potential triggers a nerve impulse. Certain plants work the same way. A touch to mimosa pudica, the
Investigators are exploring ways to treat milk for longer shelf life by using pulsed electric fields to destroy bacterial contamination. One system uses 8.0-cm-diameter circular plates separated by
We’ve seen that bees develop a positive charge as they fly through the air. When a bee lands on a flower, charge is transferred, and an opposite charge is induced in the earth below the flower. The
A proton follows the path shown in Figure P21.74. Its initial speed is v0 = 1.9 × 106 m/s. What is the proton’s speed as it passes through point P? 4.0 mm P -10 nC FIGURE P21.74 3.0 mm
DVDs and Blu-ray disks store information in patterns that are read by laser light. The shorter the wavelength of the light, the closer the data tracks can be placed on the disk. A Blu-ray player uses
Increasing the density of a material tends to increase the index of refraction. Does light travel faster in seawater or in fresh water?
If you look at the light spectrum reflected from the surface of a DVD compared to the spectrum reflected from the surface of a CD, you’ll see that the rainbows from the DVD are more spread out,
If you look through a piece of very fine fabric at a tiny white light source, you will see a rainbow pattern. Explain the source of the pattern.
Antireflection coatings for glass usually have an index of refraction that is less than that of glass. Explain how this permits a thinner coating.
Solar cells generally have an antireflection coating. Explain how this increases their efficiency.
The distinctly blue shade of a blue spruce results from the scattering of light by small waxy particles that coat the leaves. Explain how this scattering can protect the leaves from damage by
An investigator is using a laser to illuminate a distant target. He decides that he needs a smaller beam, so he puts a pinhole directly in front of the laser. He finds that this actually spreads the
Data are carried by pulses of light through long, transparent fibers—fiber-optic cables. Long lengths of fiber carry signals 100 km between amplifier stations. How long does it take a signal to
A commercial diffraction grating has 500 lines per mm. When a student shines a 530 nm laser through this grating, how many bright spots could be seen on a screen behind the grating?
A physics instructor wants to project a spectrum of visible light colors from 400 nm to 700 nm as part of a classroom demonstration. She shines a beam of white light through a diffraction grating
Figure P17.22 shows a microscopic view of muscle tissue. In the figure, structures called sarcomeres are bordered by ridges. The regular pattern of the ridges means that the muscle can operate as a
Pigments don’t survive fossilization; even though we have fossil skin from dinosaurs, we don’t know what color they were. But fossilization does preserve structure. Specimens from a rare cache of
Mourning doves have a small patch of iridescent feathers. The color is produced by a 330-nmthick layer of keratin (n = 1.562 with air on both sides that is found around the edge of the feather
Early investigators (including Thomas Young) measured the thickness of wool fibers using diffraction. One early instrument used a collimated beam of 560 nm light to produce a diffraction pattern on a
Quality control systems have been developed to remotely measure the diameter of wires using diffraction. A wire with a stated diameter of 170 mm blocks the beam of a 633 nm laser, producing a
Diffraction can be used to provide a quick test of the size of red blood cells. Blood is smeared onto a slide, and a laser shines through the slide. The size of the cells is very consistent, so the
On the earth, you can see the ground in someone’s shadow; on the moon, you can’t—the shadow is deep black. Explain the difference.
On a day with fresh snow, you might notice that shadows— where the direct light from the sun is blocked—have a distinctly bluish cast. Explain why you might expect this.
The light spots that form a circle around the outside of the fountain in Figure Q18.8 come from a light source in the center of the fountain. Explain how the light makes it from the center of the
If you hold a spoon in front of your face so that you see your image in the bowl of the spoon, your image is upright when you hold the spoon close to your face, but inverted when you hold the spoon
Figure Q18.15 shows a photograph of droplets of water suspended from the stem of a plant in a garden, with a flower behind. There appear to be small flowers in each of the droplets; explain what is
Figure Q18.16 shows droplets of water beaded up on a leaf. The light is coming from the left. The droplets work like a lens, focusing sunlight to bright spots behind the droplets. Use the ray model
In Figure P18.2, the compact flame of a candle casts a 15-cm-high shadow of a 8.2-cm-tall tree cutout. The candle is 3.2 cm from the cutout; how far is the candle from the wall? FIGURE P18.2
The lightbulb in Figure P18.10 is 50 cm from a mirror. It emits 1.5 W of visible light. A small barrier blocks the direct rays of light from the bulb from reaching a sensor 70 cm to the right, but
The sun is 60° above the horizon. Rays from the sun strike the still surface of a pond and cast a shadow of a stick that is stuck in the sandy bottom of the pond. If the stick is 10 cm tall, how
Figure P18.16 shows a ray of light entering an equilateral prism, with all sides and angles equal to each other. The ray traverses the prism parallel to the bottom and emerges at the same angle at
You are on a snorkeling trip. Deep below the water, you look up at the surface of the water. Right at sunset, at what angle from the vertical do you see the sun?
A typical diamond is cut as shown in Figure P18.22. A ray of light has entered the flat window at the top of the diamond perpendicular to the surface, as shown in the figure. Analyze the path of the
In order to start a fire, a camper turns a lens toward the sun to focus its rays on a piece of wood. The lens has a 10 cm focal length. Draw a ray diagram of the lens and the incoming light rays to
You are using a converging lens to look at a splinter in your finger. The lens has a 9.0 cm focal length, and you place the splinter 6.0 cm from the lens. How far from the lens is the image? What is
A photographer took this image of himself in a converging mirror. Give some thought to what you are seeing here: One of the hands is his left hand; the other is the image of his left hand. Given the
A flashlight uses a small lightbulb placed in front of a converging mirror. The light from the bulb should reflect from the mirror and emerge as a tight beam of light—a series of parallel rays.
The sun is 150,000,000 km from earth; its diameter is 1,400,000 km. A student uses a 4.0-cm-diameter lens with f = 10 cm to cast an image of the sun on a piece of paper. a. Where should the paper be
The sun is 150,000,000 km from earth; its diameter is 1,400,000 km. For a science project on solar power, a student uses a 24-cm-diameter converging mirror with a focal length of 45 cm to focus
Consider a typical diverging passenger-side mirror with a focal length of -80 cm. A 1.5-m-tall cyclist on a bicycle is 25 m from the mirror. You are 1.0 m from the mirror, and suppose, for
Figure Q19.3 shows the viewing screen in an English camera obscura, a windowless room with a lens in one wall and a screen on the opposite wall, 3 meters from the lens. What can you say about the
A telephoto lens—designed to produce large images of distant objects—sticks out quite far from the front of the camera. Explain why this is so.
Young children usually have a fair degree of hyperopia. As they grow, their eyeballs lengthen and the hyperopia usually clears up. Given what you know about accommodation, explain why young children,
Children of the Moken tribe spend much of their days foraging for food underwater. Their eyes are adapted to this; their lenses are capable of more accommodation and, when they dive, their pupils
Water that comes from the tap is a good conductor of electricity. In the chapter preview, you can see a photograph that shows a stream of water being attracted to a charged comb.a. Explain why the
When you are painting a car with a sprayer, you get more even coverage (the paint droplets are evenly spread out) and less overspray (fewer droplets of paint that don’t end up on the vehicle) if
Many drugs under development are delivered by nanoparticles in the bloodstream. To monitor changes in the nanoparticles, investigators can retrieve them from the blood by using a device with
Home professionals like realtors use ultrasonic measuring tools to quickly measure the size of rooms. These instruments work by sending out a pulse of ultrasonic sound, then measuring the time it
When in air, a waterproof speaker emits sound waves that have a frequency of 1000 Hz. When the speaker is lowered into water, does the frequency of the sound increase, decrease, or remain the same?
A wave pulse travels along a horizontal string. As the pulse passes a point on the string, the point moves vertically up and then back down again. How does the vertical speed of the point compare to
The probe used in a medical ultrasound examination emits sound waves in air that have a wavelength of 0.12 mm. What is the wavelength of the sound waves in the patient?A. 0.027 mmB. 0.12 mmC. 0.26
Bats sense objects in the dark by echolocation, in which they emit very short pulses of sound and then listen for their echoes off the objects. A bat is flying directly toward a wall 50 m away when
A scientist measures the speed of sound in a monatomic gas to be 449 m/s at 20°C. What element does this gas consist of?
A sinusoidal wave moving to the left has a wavelength of 5.0 cm and a frequency of 50 Hz. At t = 0 s, the wave has a crest at x = 0 cm. What is the earliest time after t = 0 s at which there is a
Elephants can communicate over distances as far as 6 km by using very low-frequency sound waves. What is the wavelength of a 10 Hz sound wave emitted by an elephant?
A bullet shot from a rifle travels at 1000 m/s. What is the elapsed time between when the bullet strikes a target 500 m away, and when the sound of the gunshot reaches the target?
A sun-like star is barely visible to naked-eye observers on earth when it is a distance of 7.0 light years, or 6.6 × 1016 m, away. The sun emits a power of 3.8 × 1026 W. Using this information, at
The world’s most powerful laser is the LFEX laser in Japan. It can produce a 2 petawatt 12 × 1015 W2 laser pulse that last for 1 ps. The laser is focused onto a small spot that is 30 μm in
The record for the world’s loudest burp is 109.9 dB, measured at a distance of 2.5 m from the burper. Assuming that this sound was emitted as a spherical wave, what was the power emitted by the
The African cicada is the world’s loudest insect, producing a sound intensity level of 107 dB at a distance of 0.50 m. What is the intensity of its sound (in W/m2) as heard by someone standing 3.0
From a distance of 4.0 m, a bystander listens to a jackhammer breaking concrete. How far would he need to move from the jackhammer so that its perceived loudness decreases by a factor of 8?
When you speak, your voice sounds 10 dB louder to someone standing directly in front of you than to someone at the same distance but directly behind you. What is the ratio of the intensity of your
At the 18 km cruising altitude of Concorde, a passenger aircraft that flew at twice the speed of sound, the temperature was -57°C. What was the Concorde’s cruising speed?
A small wave pulse and a large wave pulse approach each other on a string; the large pulse is moving to the right. Some time after the pulses have met and passed each other, which of the following
You are listening to music from a loudspeaker. Then a second speaker is turned on. Is it possible that the music you now hear is quieter than it was with only the first speaker playing? Explain.
If you’re swimming underwater and knock two rocks together, you will hear a very loud noise. But if your friend above the water knocks two rocks together, you’ll barely hear the sound. Explain.
A washtub bass is a simple instrument consisting of a string stretched between a pole and a metal washtub. The musician can play different notes by pulling back more or less on the pole. Explain how
You are standing directly between two loudspeakers playing identical 350 Hz tones. Describe what you will hear if you start walking along a line perpendicular to the line between the speakers.
Figure Q16.14 shows frequency spectra of the same note played on a flute (modeled as an open-open tube) and on a clarinet (a closed-open tube). Which figure corresponds to the flute, and which to the
The four strings of a bass guitar are 0.865 m long and are tuned to the notes G (98 Hz), D (73.4 Hz), A (55 Hz), and E (41.2 Hz). In one bass guitar, the G and D strings have a linear mass density of
The G string on a guitar is 59 cm long and has a fundamental frequency of 196 Hz. A guitarist can play different notes by pushing the string against various frets, which changes the string’s
Some guitarists like the feel of a set of strings that all have the same tension. For such a guitar, the G string (196 Hz) has a mass density of 0.31 g/m. What is the mass density of the A string
To study the physical basis of underwater hearing in frogs, scientists used a vertical tube filled with water to a depth of 1.4 m. A microphone at the bottom of the tube was used to create standing
The vuvuzela is a simple horn, typically 0.65 m long, that fans use to make noise at sporting events. What is the frequency of the fundamental note produced by a vuvuzela?
The pan flute is a musical instrument consisting of a number of closed-end tubes of different lengths. When the musician blows over the open ends, each tube plays a different note. The longest pipe
Figure P16.36 shows the two lowest resonances recorded in the vocal tract of the eastern towhee, a small songbird.a. Is this bird’s vocal tract better modeled as an open-open tube or an
Two loudspeakers, 1.0 m apart, emit sound waves with the same frequency along the positive x-axis. Victor, standing on the axis to the right of the speakers, hears no sound. As the frequency is
A guitar player can change the frequency of a string by “bending” it—pushing it along a fret that is perpendicular to its length. This stretches the string, increasing its tension and its
The pendulum on a grandfather clock has a period of 2.00 s. If the clock is not wound, the pendulum’s amplitude begins to decay at a rate of 0.53% each pendulum period.a. What is the time constant
A block with a mass of 0.28 kg is attached to a horizontal spring. The block is pulled back from its equilibrium position until the spring exerts a force of 1.0 N on the block. When the block is
The motion of a nightingale’s wingtips can be modeled as simple harmonic motion. In one study, the tips of a bird’s wings were found to move up and down with an amplitude of 8.8 cm and a period
In a loudspeaker, an electromagnetic coil rapidly drives a paper cone back and forth, sending out sound waves. If the cone of a loudspeaker moves sinusoidally at 1.2 kHz with an amplitude of 3.5 μm,
In a study designed to better understand the dynamics of walking, a subject stood with one leg at rest, and swung the other leg at various frequencies. The metabolic power expended, in watts per
A child on a swing set swings back and forth with a period of 3.3 s and an amplitude of 25°. What is the maximum speed of the child as she swings?
The common field cricket makes its characteristic loud chirping sound using a specialized vibrating structure in its wings. The motion of this structure—and the sound intensity that it
In a science museum, you may have seen a Foucault pendulum, which is used to demonstrate the rotation of the earth. In one museum’s pendulum, the 110 kg bob swings from a 15.8-m-long cable with an
A damped pendulum has a period of 0.66 s and a time constant of 4.1 s. How many oscillations will this pendulum make before its amplitude has decreased to 20% of its initial amplitude?
A circular cylinder has a diameter of 2.0 cm and a mass of 10 g. It floats in water with its long axis perpendicular to the water’s surface. It is pushed down into the water by a small distance and
Tarzan, who has a mass of 80 kg, holds onto the end of a vine that is at a 12° angle from the vertical. He steps off his branch and, just at the bottom of his swing, he grabs onto his chimp friend

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