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physics
particle physics

Questions and Answers of Particle Physics

What is a common definition of physics? That is, what is physics about?
I have two coins in my pocket, together worth 30 cents. If one of them is not a nickel, what coins are they?
Calculate:(a) \(f=a /(b c)\), where \(a=2.34\mathrm{~mm}^{2}, b=54.26\mathrm{~m}\), and \(c=0.14\mu \mathrm{m}\);(b) \(g=k t^{3}\), where \(k=1.208\times 10^{-2}\mathrm{~s}^{-3}\) and
For a given level of technology, there is a maximum density of "bits" of information that can be stored on a computer's hard-drive disk. The data are stored in a tight spiral, so that "tracks" are
What is the ratio of the rotational speed of Earth's daily rotation to that of its annual revolution?
When one race car passes another during a race, the passing car usually tries to pass on the inner lane of a curve in the track. Why?
The toy race track in Figure P11.4 has three lanes, and cars cannot change lanes. The centerlines of any two adjacent lanes are 100 mm apart, and the innermost lane has a radius of 1.00 m.(a) If each
Plot, as a function of time, the rotational velocity of your car's wheels as you(a) back out of your driveway,(b) drive down a residential street,(c) turn onto a highway, (d) drive on the highway
Hold a quarter down flat on a table with a finger. Then place a second quarter flat on the table, touching one point on the edge of the first quarter. If you roll the second quarter around the first
Suppose the expression for centripetal acceleration is of the form \(a_{c}=v^{p} r^{q}\), where \(p\) and \(q\) are constants. By analyzing the units in this expression, determine the numerical
Standing in front of a tree, you whirl your sling with a rock in it. If you wish to hit the tree, at what location in the circle in Figure P11.8 (nearest point a, b, c, or d) should you release the
The Ferris wheel in Figure P11.9 is turning at constant speed. Draw and label free-body diagrams showing the forces on passengers at the numbered positions. Be careful to show correct relative
To see some of the trouble you can get into with noninertial reference frames, try this experiment. You and a friend stand opposite each other on the edge of a playground merry-go-round and get it
A salad spinner (Figure P11.11) is used to dry lettuce that has been washed. What physics is going on as the spinner does its job?Data from Figure P11.11
In a certain elaborate roller coaster, the cars are not on tracks but inside a U-shaped track much like a bobsled run. The cars are thus free to swing left and right across the U, climbing the walls
The ball in Figure P11.14 is attached to a vertical rod by two strings of equal strength (able to support much more than one of these balls) and equal length. The strings are light and do not
Suppose that you were to tie a heavy metal washer to one end of a string, hold the string by the other end, and whirl it in a horizontal circle above your head. Pay close attention to where your hand
Floor lamps usually have a base with large inertia, while the long body and top have much less inertia. If you want to show off by spinning a floor lamp like a baton, where should you grab the lamp?
A gymnast's backflip is considered more difficult to do in the layout (straight body) position than in the tucked position. Why?
An ice cube and a rubber ball are both placed at one end of a warm cookie sheet, and the sheet is then tipped up. The ice cube slides down with virtually no friction, and the ball rolls down without
(a) Is there a choice of rotation axes for a bowling ball and a baseball, each rotating on its own axis, such that the baseball has a greater rotational inertia? If so, describe the axes. If not,
You stand on the edge of a playground carousel while your friends help you get it going. After they stop pushing, you walk toward the center. (a) What happens to the rotational inertia of the
A car's engine is turning the crankshaft at 6000 rev/min. What is the rotational speed \(\omega\) ?
What is the rotational speed of a watch's second hand? Its hour hand?
If your tires are worn, does your odometer (which is keyed to the turns of the axle) underestimate or overestimate the number of miles you drive?
As you drive clockwise around a turn (as viewed from overhead), you see backed-up traffic ahead and so you slow down. Which force diagram in Figure P11.27 best illustrates your acceleration?Data from
At the end of a ride, a carnival carousel decelerates smoothly from some initial rotational speed \(\omega\) to a stop.(a) Plot, as a function of time, the speed \(v\) of a carousel horse at radius
You attach one end of a string of length \(\ell\) to a small ball of inertia \(m\). You attach the string's other end to a pivot that allows free revolution. You hold the ball out to the side with
A pendulum is made of a bob dangling from a lightweight string of length \(\ell\). The bob is pulled sideways so that the string makes an angle \(\theta_{i}\) with respect to the vertical, then
Assume that Earth's orbit around the Sun is a perfect circle. Earth's inertia is \(5.97 \times 10^{24} \mathrm{~kg}\), the radius of its orbit is \(1.50 \times 10^{11} \mathrm{~m}\), and its orbital
A ball is suspended by a string from the top of a vertical rod as shown in Figure P11.32. The rod starts at rest and then begins to rotate with a small constant rotational acceleration. Qualitatively
You hold a small ice cube near the top edge of a hemispherical bowl of radius \(100 \mathrm{~mm}\). When you release the cube from rest, what is the magnitude of its acceleration at the instant it
A \(0.100-\mathrm{kg}\) ball attached to a \(0.20-\mathrm{m}\) rod of very small inertia moves in a vertical circle in such a way that its speed remains constant. Let \(\mathcal{T}_{1},
An automobile accelerates from rest at \(t=0\) such that its tires undergo a constant rotational acceleration \(\alpha=5.8 \mathrm{~s}^{-2}\). The radius of each tire is \(0.33 \mathrm{~m}\). At
For the tread on your car tires, which is greater: the tangential acceleration when going from rest to highway speed as quickly as possible or the centripetal acceleration at highway speed?
A roller-coaster car initially at a position on the track a height \(h\) above the ground begins a downward run on a long, steeply sloping track and then goes into a circular loop-the-loop of radius
(a) Consider a circular vertical loop-the-loop on a roller coaster. Show that if a car coasts without power around the loop, the difference between the normal force exerted by the car on a passenger
A ball is put into a cone and made to move at a constant specd of \(3.00 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) in a horizontal circle of radius \(0.500 \mathrm{~m}\) (Figure P11.39). (a) What is the centripetal
A \(0.25-\mathrm{kg}\) ball attached to a string is being spun around on a horizontal surface at a rotational speed of \(2.5 \mathrm{rev} / \mathrm{s}\). What is the ball's kinetic energy if the
Three small, identical \(1.0-\mathrm{kg}\) pucks are attached to identical \(0.50-\mathrm{m}\) strings, tied together at a common center as shown in Figure P11.42. When whirled in circular motion at
As you stand on the sidewalk outside an apartment building, a \(2.0-\mathrm{kg}\) bird flies toward you at \(2.0 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) along a straight line that passes \(3.0 \mathrm{~m}\) above
Puck \(A\), of inertia \(m\), is attached to one end of a string of length \(\ell\), and the other end of the string is attached to a pivot so that the puck is free to revolve on a smooth horizontal
You have a pail of water with a rope tied to the handle. If you whirl the pail in a vertical circle fast enough, none of the water spills out, even when the pail is upside down. Explain why.
In Figure P11.47, two identical pucks B and C, each of inertia \(m\), are connected by a rod of length \(\ell\) and negligible inertia that is free to rotate about its center. Then puck A, of initial
A small puck on an air table revolves in a circle with rotational speed \(\omega\), held at radius \(r\) by a weighted string that passes through a hole in the table. You slowly pull down on the
Two skaters skate toward each other, each moving at \(3.3 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\). Their lines of motion are separated by a perpendicular distance of \(2.0 \mathrm{~m}\). Just as they pass each
A record player turntable initially rotating at \(33 \frac{1}{3} \mathrm{rev} / \mathrm{min}\) is braked to a stop at a constant rotational acceleration. The turntable has a rotational inertia of
A disk of rotational inertia \(I\) about the central axis shown in Figure P11.51 is rotating about this axis with initial rotational velocity \(\omega_{\vartheta, \mathrm{i}}\) on low-friction
A popular ride at some playgrounds consists of two circular disks joined by rungs (Figure P11.52). The center of the unit is attached to a horizontal axle around which the unit rotates. The
What is the rotational inertia about the \(x\) axis of the rigid object in Figure P11.53? (Treat the balls as particles.)Data from Figure P11.53 Figure P11.53 m 54m
A cubical wire framework in which each edge is \(0.25 \mathrm{~m}\) long has a \(0.20-\mathrm{kg}\) steel ball at each of its eight corners. What is the rotational inertia of this framework around an
What is the formula for the rotational inertia of a thin spherical shell of inertia \(m\) and radius \(R\) about an axis tangent to any point on its surface?
A deer's leg is very slender near the hoof, with most of the muscle bunched up near the hip joint. How does this work to the deer's advantage?
A \(20-\mathrm{kg}\) child running at \(1.4 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\) jumps onto a playground merry-go-round that has inertia \(180 \mathrm{~kg}\) and radius \(1.6 \mathrm{~m}\). She is moving
Earth has an inertia of \(5.97 \times 10^{24} \mathrm{~kg}\) and a radius of \(6.37 \times 10^{6} \mathrm{~m}\). (a) Calculate its rotational inertia about the rotation axis, assuming uniform
The rotational inertia of any flat object about an axis perpendicular to the object is equal to the sum of the rotational inertias about two mutually perpendicular axes in the plane of the object, if
The structure in Figure P11.60 is made of three identical rods of uniform density. Rank the rotational inertias of the structure, from smallest to largest, about the four rotation axes represented by
Global warming might result in the melting of the polar ice caps. What effect would this melting have on the length of the day?
A hollow cylinder, a solid cylinder, and a billiard ball are all released at the top of a ramp and roll to the bottom without slipping. (a) Rank them, from least to greatest, according to the
Estimate the rotational inertia of a \(70-\mathrm{kg}\) athlete about a horizontal axis passing through her waist from left to right.
A \(0.20-\mathrm{kg}\) block and a \(0.25-\mathrm{kg}\) block are connected to each other by a string draped over a pulley that is a solid disk of inertia \(0.50 \mathrm{~kg}\) and radius \(0.10
You accidentally knock a full bucket of water off the side of the well shown in Figure P11.65. The bucket plunges \(15 \mathrm{~m}\) to the bottom of the well. Attached to the bucket is a light rope
A block of inertia \(m\) is attached to a block of inertia \(2 m\) by a light string draped over a uniform disk of inertia \(3 m\) and radius \(R\) that can rotate on a horizontal axle (Figure
A thick-walled cylinder of inertia \(m\) has an outer radius \(R_{\text {outer }}\), an inner radius \(R_{\text {innet }}=R_{\text {outer }} / 2\), and a length \(\ell\) (Figure P11.67). It rotates
A thin \(0.15-\mathrm{kg}\) rectangular sheet has \(40-\mathrm{mm}\) short sides and \(80-\mathrm{mm}\) long sides. Determine the rotational inertia of the sheet about an axis perpendicular to it and
One type of wagon wheel consists of a \(2.0-\mathrm{kg}\) hoop fitted with four \(0.80-\mathrm{kg}\) thin rods placed along diameters of the hoop so as to make eight evenly spaced spokes. For a hoop
A thin rod, \(0.83 \mathrm{~m}\) long, is pivoted such that it hangs vertically from one end. You want to hit the free end of the rod just hard enough to get the rod to swing all the way up and over
Big Ben in London is the most accurate mechanical clock of its size. The \(300-\mathrm{kg}\) hour hand is \(2.7 \mathrm{~m}\) long, and the \(100-\mathrm{kg}\) minute hand is \(4.2 \mathrm{~m}\)
Consider an object that has rotational inertia \(I\) about some arbitrary axis of rotation. The radius of gyration of the object is the distance from this axis where all the object's inertia could be
A thin piece of metal in the shape of a right triangle has inertia \(m\). Its perpendicular sides are of lengths \(\ell\) and \(2 \ell\). Determine the rotational inertia about an axis that runs (a)
A block of inertia \(m\) is attached to a light string wound around a uniform disk also of inertia \(m\) (Figure P11.74). The disk has radius \(R\) and rotates on a fixed horizontal axle through its
A certain baseball bat is a tapered cylinder that increases in diameter from \(0.040 \mathrm{~m}\) at one end to \(0.070 \mathrm{~m}\) at the other end and is \(0.84 \mathrm{~m}\) long. The bat has
In the laboratory, you are trying to put pennies on a rotating platform so that they don't slide off. Your partner tells you, "Pennies on the outside stay on better because \(a_{\mathrm{c}}=v^{2} /
Solar and lunar eclipses are caused by a fortuitous relationship between the sizes of the Moon and Sun and their distances from Earth. Look up data for the EarthMoon and Earth-Sun distances and the
Show that the centripetal acceleration of an object undergoing circular motion at constant speed can be expressed as where \(r\) is the circle radius and \(T\) is the period of the motion. 4m T
If you spin a raw egg, stop it momentarily, and then let go, it begins to spin again. You can't do this with a hardboiled egg. Why?
If you stretch your arm out full length and block the Sun with your thumb, how fast must your thumb move, in millimeters per minute, to track the Sun's motion?
Out looking for Tarzan, Jane swings on a vine to speed her search. (a) During her are downward, how much work is done on her by the tensile force in the vine? (b) At which position along the arc is
The Moon orbits Earth while Earth orbits the Sun, and thus the Moon's motion around the Sun is the combination of those two motions. Is the Moon's motion ever retrograde if observed from the Sun,
Suppose several particles are in concentric circular orbits under the influence of some centripetal component of force, the magnitude of which depends on distance from the center of the motion. Each
Approximate the Sun as a uniform sphere of radius \(6.96 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{~m}\), rotating about its central axis with a period of 25. 4 days. If, at the end of its life, the Sun collapses inward
An open door of inertia \(m_{\mathrm{d}}\) and width \(\ell_{\mathrm{d}}\) is at rest when it is struck by a thrown ball of clay of inertia \(m_{\mathrm{b}}\) that is moving at speed
Your aunt owns an amusement park, and she wants you to add a circular loop to an existing roller-coaster ride. The first hill for the existing roller coaster is \(55 \mathrm{~m}\) tall, and your aunt
The spacecraft in the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey has a rotating cylinder to create the illusion of gravity, inside of which the crew walks and exercises. While watching this old movie, you realize
A turntable of radius \(0.320 \mathrm{~m}\) is fitted with an electromagnet that causes steel objects to stay in place on the table. A triangular mark on the rim shows the rotational position of the
You have a toy top that plays music if the rotational speed is at least \(1800 \mathrm{rev} / \mathrm{min}\). The way to get this top spinning is to pull on a string wrapped around a spindle of
A dart of inertia \(m_{\mathrm{d}}\) is fired such that it strikes with speed \(v_{\mathrm{d}}\), embedding its tip in the rim of a target that is a uniform disk of inertia \(m_{\mathrm{t}}\) and
A smooth-faced cube of inertia \(m\) and side length \(d\) sliding along a highly polished floor at speed \(v\) strikes a door threshold, and the collision makes the cube tilt as shown in Figure
For which of the following forces is the force displacement nonzero: \((a)\) the force exerted by a hand compressing a spring,(b) the force exerted by Earth on a ball thrown upward,(c) the force
Is the work done by the following forces considered in Exercise 9.1 positive, negative, or zero? In each case the system is the object on which the force is exerted.(a) The force exerted by a hand
A cart is at rest on a low-friction track. A person gives the cart a shove and, after moving down the track, the cart hits a spring, which slows down the cart as the spring compresses. Draw an energy
A block initially at rest is released on an inclined surface. The block slides down, compressing a spring at the bottom of the incline; there is friction between the surface and the block. Consider
A puck sliding on a horizontal surface hits the free end of a spring that is held fixed at the other end. There is friction between puck and surface. Consider the interval from the instant before the
A stunt performer falls from the roof of a two-story building onto a mattress on the ground. The mattress compresses, bringing the performer to rest without his getting hurt. Is the work done by the
Consider a weightlifter holding a barbell motionless above his head.(a) Is the sum of the forces exerted on the barbell zero? \((b)\) Is the weightlifter exerting a force on the barbell?(c) If the
Do any of the systems in Figure 9. 14 undergo a change in potential energy? If yes, is the change positive or negative? Ignore any friction.Data from Figure 9. 14 (a) (b) 15 Earth Earth Earth Earth
A person pushes a cart up a small hill, gaining speed along the way. Friction in the cart's wheels is negligible. Name the components of the system depicted in each energy diagram shown Figure 9.
Suppose a missile that was launched vertically moves along a trajectory and has a constant vertical speed and a constant horizontal acceleration. What is the shape of this trajectory as seen by a
Riding in a train on horizontal tracks, you notice a boy drop a baseball from the roof of his house nearby. (a) What is the shape of the trajectory you see for the ball if the train is moving at
You are performing an experiment similar to the one shown in Figure 10. 1. The ball is dropped from a height of \(y_{i}=0.200 \mathrm{~m}\) on the pole above the cart just as the pole and cart pass

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