1.One of the following is not a limitation of restriction when controlling for confounder variable in a study?

a.Only possible for known or measured confounders

b.We can evaluate restricted variable

c.Restriction limits the sample size

d.Restriction limits the generalizability of results

2.The two main approaches for evaluation of Random Error are

a.Screening and hypothesis testing methods

b.Mediating and hypothesis testing methods

c.Hypothesis testing and confidence interval methods

d.Screening and confidence interval methods

3.Hypothesis Testing is involves the following EXCEPT:

a.Is a rarely used process of deciding whether to reject or not reject a specific hypothesis (usually the null)

b.Use a statistical test to determine the compatibility of study results with null hypothesis

c.Reseachers make a decision whether or not to reject the null hypothesis based on the p value associated with the statistical test

d.All of the above

4.Interpreting P-values, which of the following is correct?

a.P 0.05means the p-value is large

b.P > 0.05 means the p-value is small

c.P > 0.05 indicates reject the null hypothesis of no association

d.P 0.05indicates reject the null hypothesis of no association

5.About Confidence Intervals (CI):

a.Wider CI indicates small amount of random error

b.Narrrow CI indicates large amount of random error

c.Wider CI indicates more precision

d.Narrow CI indicates more precision

6.Which of the following is correct about Effect Measure Modification (EMM):

a.It is a type of bias

b.Occurs when stratum-specific estimates meaningfully resemble one another.

c.The occurrence of EMM means that the true exposure-disease association is biologically different for the two strata ("heterogeneity of effect").

d.Causes can be only positive (presence induces disease) and no negatives (absence induces disease).