8. When treated with Gram stain, Gram-positive bacteria appear a Purple b. Pink c. Yellow d. Orange 9. Instructions for making new copies of a virus are a. a part of a virus's tail b. coded in surface proteins attached to the protein coat c. coded in either RNA or DNA d found only in bacteriophages 10. A lytic cycle concludes with the a embedding of viral DNA into the host cell's DNA b. production of a bacteriophage c. bursting of the host cell d. production of messenger RNA 11. Bacteria are sometimes called nature's recyclers because they a. undergo conjugation b. break down nutrients in dead organisms c. can switch between respiration and d. carry out photosynthesis 12. Viruses cause infection by a producing toxins that harm the body b. reproducing independently inside the body c. forming endospores in the body d. entering body cells and reproducing 13. Which of the following do all disease-causing vinuses need in order to reproduce? a. reverse transcriptase b. the equipment of the host cell C. amino acids d. a signal from other viruses 14, Some bacteria can survive extended periods of very harsh conditions by forming a plasmids b. flagella c. pili d. endopores 15. Plasmids generally code for genetic traits that are a. not essential for the survival of the species b. essential for survival of the species c. also present in the chromosome d. involved in conjugation