A$.$ Applicants for patrol officer positions with the city of Fort Worth, Texas, are administered a cognitive ability test. The average score on the test is $70.$ All applicants who served in the U$.$S$.$ armed forces automatically get $5$ points added to their scores. Adverse impact occurs because $20\%$ of male applicants and $5\%$ of female applicants are veterans. Is this practice legal? Why or why not?

B$.$ The cognitive ability test described above also results in adverse impact because $80\%$ of White applicants passed the test compared to $60\%$ of Black applicants. Scores on the test correlate significantly $)=(\mathrm{.}45$ with performance in the police academy. None of the other tests looked at by the City predicted academy or job performance. Is this practice legal? Why or why not?

C$.$ According to the contract between the union and the company, every employment decision at the Lohan School of Driving is based on seniority$.$ That is$,$ the employees who have been at Lohan the longest get first opportunity for promotions, working the day shift, and not working overtime. Due to a decline in business, Lohan must lay off $20$ employees. On the basis of seniority$,10$ of these employees are Black and $10$ are White. Of the $200$ employees who will keep their jobs, $180$ are White and $20$ are Black. Is this practice legal? Why or why not?