A study was designed to determine whether dogs can be trained to identify urine specimens from individuals with bladder cancer. Dogs were first trained to discriminate urine samples from patients with bladder cancer or with other conditions. After the training was completed, the dogs had to pick one of seven new urine specimens. Each time, only one of the seven urine specimens came from a patient with bladder cancer. Out of 54 trials, the dogs identified the correct urine specimen 22 times. Can we say at 5% level of significance that dogs are able to identify urine specimens from patients with bladder cancer?

Identify which situation follows a normal probability distribution with reasons: i. Weights of BS- Biotechnology students in a class. ii. Balls of red color in a box. iii. Filling of jam in a jar of 500g from a machine. iv. Recovery of CORONA patient in Pakistan.

The purpose of a study by Ingle and Eastell was to examine the bone mineral density (BMD) and ultrasound properties of women with ankle fractures. The investigators recruited 16 postmenopausal women with ankle fractures and 14 healthy postmenopausal women to serve as controls. One of the baseline measurements was the stiffness index of the lunar Achilles. The mean stiffness index for the ankle fracture group was 76.9 with a standard deviation of 12.6. In the control group, the mean was 90.9 with a standard deviation of 12.5. Do these data provide sufficient evidence to allow you to conclude that, in general, the mean stiffness index is higher in healthy postmenopausal women than in postmenopausal women with ankle fractures at 1% level of significance?