After working with the provincial government for 30 years, Ronald decided to accept a buy-out package and retire at age 60 with a full pension. Unfortunately, he has rather meagre retirement savings. His financial planner suggests investing the total pension proceeds in a high yielding equity mutual fund, and a Far East precious metals fund. Ronald agrees and subsequently loses a substantial amount of his capital. In order to successfully sue his planner for the negligent performance of duties, Ronald would need to establish all of the following, EXCEPT:

_____ the planner violated the Principle of Competence.

_____ the planner owed Ronald a duty of care.

_____ the planner breached his duty of care to Ronald.

_____ the planner's breach of the duty of care caused Ronald's loss.