Alfonso, a $12$th grader brought an unloaded gun with ammo to his public high school. He was arrested and charged in federal court with violation of the federal Gun$-$Free School Zones Act. The law was passed by both houses of Congress and signed into law by the President. In a case challenging his conviction.

Alfonso wins because the federal government does not have constitutional authority to enact such a law.

Alfonso wins because the case should have been brought in state court.

Alfonso loses because he has clearly violated a federal law.

Alfonso loses because he has clearly violated a state law.