Cameron is a counselor who practices from the belief that addiction is a choice and reflects an inherent weakness in the individual. She believes that clients only need to develop willpower in order to overcome their substance use disorder; not having this strength or willpower is a defect in the person.

Carlos is a counselor who practices from the belief that addiction is an illness that can be successfully treated. Individuals are no more responsible for being addicted than those who suffer from cancer, diabetes, or other illnesses. Just like any other illnesses, addiction has specific symptoms associated with it.

Jakob is a counselor who practices from the belief that addiction is inherited and that there is a biological predisposition towards whether one develops a substance use disorder, including how one's body processes the substance, how quickly one becomes tolerant to its effects, and how one's body ultimately reacts to the substance.

1. What etiological theory best describes the philosophy of Carmen when it comes to how she views addiction, and what is the course of treatment recommended by that theory?

2.What etiological theory best describes the philosophy of Carlos when it comes to how he views addiction, and what is the course of treatment recommended by that theory?

3. What etiological theory best describes the philosophy of Jakob when it comes to how he views addiction, and what is the course of treatment recommended by that theory?