Consider a situation where a bias impacts the OR, resulting in a bias OR = 1.7 but the actual RR ("true" RR) = 4.5. This would be an example of: Group of answer choices Bias causing the exposure from being a protective factor to be a risk factor Bias causing an overestimation of RR (away from the null) Bias causing an underestimation of RR (towards the null) We cannot apply the rules of direction of bias to OR. Bias causing the exposure from being a risk factor to be a protective factor