Dalex International School (DIS) experienced increased employee turnover, and as a result, a higher level of recruitment activity. For many years, DIS relied on a single recruitment method: to advertise all teaching positions in a specialist newspaper publication called TES (Times Educational Supplement). Basic advertisements were placed in this publication one time, and interested candidates were instructed to contact the school to request an application package. Other schools in the area also used TES for recruitment, but in addition, they placed advertisements in a local newspaper and on a web site for teaching vacancies. Some schools even launched a page on their school web site to enable candidates to download all of the application information. Candidates submitted an application form along with contact information for two people who could provide references, and returned the information to the appropriate department head. Once the closing date had passed, three staff members reviewed the applications independently and graded them A, B or C (where A is the highest mark and C is the lowest) based on the candidate’s ability to meet the selection criteria. The panel would then convene to discuss the A-rated application forms and agree on a list of candidates who would be invited to attend a selection day. The staff members assessing the applications were usually teachers from the relevant subject area. Training was not offered to panel members to help them to select the best candidates. Before selection day, references would be requested for all candidates. Copies of the references would be provided to interview panel members; employment offers were contingent on the receipt of satisfactory references. The organization relied on two selection methods for all of their teaching vacancies—an informal and formal interview. The first (informal) interview was led by the principal and an administrator; this was used to learn basic information about the candidate and to review the information on the application form. The second interview was more detailed and explored a wide range of issues with the candidates. pg. 4 LECTURERS: MRS. MILLICENT WIAFE-KWAGYAN & MR. ISAAC YAW OKYERE The panel consisted of the Principal, HR manager, Department head and a Senior teacher. Due to time constraints, panel members were usually unable to meet in advance, so they developed their interview questions independently. Although the principal chaired the interviews, they were rarely carried out in the same manner and there was not a high level of consistency with the questions. No formal scoring system was used. At the end of the interviews, there was a panel vote to see which candidate should be offered the job. This often led to a heated debate about candidate strengths and weaknesses. Candidates usually remained at the school until a decision was reached so they could be informed personally of the outcome. If they were unable to wait for the outcome, they were phoned later that day with the decision. Unsuccessful candidates received some brief verbal feedback, but were not asked for comments on their interview experience. Unsuccessful candidates would sometimes contact the school and ask for further written feedback; this was usually provided by the principal. The HR manager reviewed the school’s recruitment and selection methods because there was concern that best-practice methods were not being used. In addition, the principal thought that some inappropriate candidates had been hired which could have been avoided if better methods had been used. A number of areas for improvement were identified:  Using one recruitment method was insufficient and was not making the most out of the available recruitment resources (in particular, the Internet). The existing method may have resulted in some unsuitable hires who left the organization after a short time. A wider candidate search might attract different types of people.  Other schools in the area were using more varied recruitment methods, which may mean they are accessing a larger (and potentially better) pool of candidates.  The materials in the recruitment package were basic and not professionally designed, which may have failed to impress potential applicants.  The selection methods used were limited, and had not kept up with trends used in other organizations.  Candidates were being hired on the basis of a good interview. Their teaching style and ability was unknown.  Staff on the interview panels had not been trained, and in the past had asked potentially discriminatory questions. pg. 5 LECTURERS: MRS. MILLICENT WIAFE-KWAGYAN & MR. ISAAC YAW OKYERE  There was little chance of internal promotions because career progression was not a focus within the school or encouraged within the recruitment and selection policy.  Lack of an objective scoring system resulted in complaints from unsuccessful candidates who did not understand why they did not get the job. The HR manager continued to advertise teaching jobs in TES in line with local and national competitors, but re-designed the standard layout and content of advertisements to be more engaging and informative. In the future, advertisements for all teaching jobs will also be placed in the local newspaper which has a weekly jobs supplement and high readership in the area. The school had a strong IT team, and they were consulted about the best ways to use technology as a recruitment method. They designed a simple web site that could be accessed through the school’s home page. It contained relevant information about the organization and the actual vacancy. Candidates could complete and submit the application form online, or print and mail the completed application form. The page was being monitored to gauge the success of this method. The HR manager agreed with the principal that a greater emphasis should be placed on internal recruitment, particularly for positions with management responsibilities. This would encourage talented staff to remain with the school as part of an overall retention strategy. The HR manager also reviewed the quality of the information provided to prospective employees, so that candidates would have a more realistic picture of what the job entailed and the character of the school. The changes to the recruitment approach were evaluated after six months. Positive outcomes were identified:  More candidates were accessing the information provided on the vacancies from the school’s web site and through e-mailed requests for application packages.  Candidate diversity was higher than in previous recruitment campaigns.  The number of people who applied for a job after requesting information had increased.  There was positive feedback about the quality and quantity of the information provided to candidates.  More than 75 percent of unsuccessful candidates said they would apply for another position at Dalex International, indicating that the school had made a positive first impression. This also suggests that candidates thought that the selection methods were fair and transparent. Feedback pg. 6 LECTURERS: MRS. MILLICENT WIAFE-KWAGYAN & MR. ISAAC YAW OKYERE also indicated that candidates enjoyed talking to both staff and students and that this, combined with the school’s plan for future development, had left positive impressions. Additionally, it was decided that all candidates for teaching vacancies should deliver a brief teaching session while being observed by a senior teacher. Teaching observation sessions enabled the senior teacher to assess the following knowledge and skills:  Relationship with students.  Delivery style.  Innovation in teaching methods.  Communication skills.  Subject knowledge.  Ability to engage students. Candidates were informed in advance to prepare a 20-minute teaching session. At the end of the sessions, the observer gave comments and ratings to the main interview panel. The rating system involved the observer’s ratings in the six areas shown (1 being the minimum and 10 being the maximum number of points). Observers were also asked to give examples (where possible) to justify their score. Following discussions with stakeholders (including the student representative council) it was decided that students should have input into the selection process. To achieve this, student interview panels were added to the selection process. Students on the interview panels were selected by the relevant department head. After training to ensure they did not ask inflammatory or discriminatory questions, they were asked to write their own questions to ask candidates. Student panel members provided feedback to the principal and main interview panel members. These methods sent a message to candidates that the role and opinions of the students were valued by the school and that it was an important part of the school’s culture. Dalex International continued the use of both formal and informal interview panels, but adopted a more structured approach. Panel members now meet in advance to organize questions and identify any key issues to be highlighted. Training is also provided on an annual basis for staff members who may be involved in selection activities, though attendance is not mandatory. The approach to pg. 7 LECTURERS: MRS. MILLICENT WIAFE-KWAGYAN & MR. ISAAC YAW OKYERE scoring candidates objectively does not yet take place consistently, but the quality of feedback to candidates is much improved and provides them with some constructive information. Dalex International has not adopted any of the more innovative selection methods such as psychometric testing, but the principal has promised to consider them in the future if a strong argument could be presented. Anecdotal feedback was gathered from successful candidates, who offered the following comments: “It was good to get to meet the students to find out what they really thought about the school.” “I found the day quite intensive as there were lots of things to do, but it gave me a good idea about how the school is run.” “The informal interview panel was a bit nerve–wracking, as I was not sure exactly what the aim of it was—it seemed quite personal.” “The chance to meet lots of different people was good and I knew that this was the type of school that I wanted to work in.” A limitation of this feedback is that it was gained from only successful candidates. It would have been interesting to hear the views of those who did not get the job. There has been a 10 percent increase in the number of internal candidates applying for promotions and a small decline in the number of staff leaving the organization.

REQUIRED Attempt all the following questions.

1. What are five (5) main reasons why a vacancy may occur in DIS or any other organization? 2. Explain five (5) advantages of using the Internet for recruitment. 

3. Explain three (3) alternative recruitment methods DIS could use. 

4. Why do you think Dalex International felt that one panel interview was insufficient as a selection method? (5marks) 5. Explain three (3) advantages and disadvantages each of asking students to participate in the selection process.