Dimmison Corp. incurred the following costs during 2020 in connection with its research and development phase activities: Cost of equipment acquired for use in research and development projects over the next five years (straight-line depreciation used) Materials consumed in research projects Materials consumed in the development of a product committed for manufacturing in the first quarter of 2021 Consulting fees paid in the last quarter of 2020 to outsiders for research and development projects, including $4,500 for advice related to the $32,000 of materials used above Personnel costs of persons involved in research and development projects Indirect costs reasonably allocated to research and development projects General borrowing costs on the company's line of credit Training costs for a new customer service software program Instructions $240,000 61,000 32,000 95,000 108,000 25,000 12,000 17,500

a. Calculate the amount to be reported as research and development expense by Dimmison on its income statement for 2020. Assume the equipment is purchased at the beginning of the year. Assume the company follows IFRS for financial reporting purposes.

b. Explain the treatment of training costs and borrowing costs incurred after the six development phase capitalization criteria are met.

c. Explain how the answer may be the same or differ if ASPE were followed