Examine the principles of membrane technology and its applications in chemical engineering processes. Discuss the different types of membranes, such as polymeric, ceramic, and composite membranes, and explain the mechanisms of mass transport through membranes, including diffusion, convection, and solution$-$diffusion. Explore the applications of membrane technology in processes such as filtration, separation, and purification, highlighting its advantages in terms of energy efficiency, scalability, and environmental sustainability.