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In order to understand specific capacity challenges that South African municipalities face today, it is important to look at historical context. The apartheid local government was under$-$capacitated and distorted as it did not provide adequate tax base and institutional inability to deliver basic services to all local communities such as Indians and Africans. the history of apartheid has had long lasting effects on capacity development.

In south Africa the issue with governance capacity is a multifaced challenge that has been highlighted by years and years of systematic inequalities, poverty and political instability. Events such as colonialism, apartheid and government corruption, has added to a weak governance system and lack of citizen trust in government institutions.

The apartheid regime is characterised by racial segregation e$.$g$.,1950,$ Group areas act and discrimination, this resulted in the creation of an unequal society with unequal opportunities. Where a small minority of white people held much of the wealth and political power, while most of the people of colour were denied basic rights. For example, politically Africans were seen in a paternalistic way $($seen and treated as children$).$ The aftermath of apartheid has influenced the South Africa's governance structures, policy making and public service capacity. With the transition to democracy the government set out on a path to dismantle racial segregation and discrimination of apartheid. However systematic inequality still prevails. Which leads to widespread poverty, unemployment, and poor infrastructure.

The new democratic goverment was faced with the crucial task of transforming governance structures to be more inclusive of all citizens, transparent and efficient. However, with the legacy of apartheid combined with new challenges. Corruption has thus been a significant issue, with various cases involving high$-$level politicians and government officials coming to light over the years.$$ This corruption diverts resources away from public services. Furthermore, the governance challenge is entrenched with issues of capacity in the public sector.

The capacity challenge in South Africa. This challenge refers to problems in public administration and service delivery. Which attributes to skill shortage, mismanagement, and poor infrastructure. Even though efforts have been made to strengthen the public sector, challenges still very well persist in areas such as health and education. This means the government is struggling to meet the needs of its citizens. Although post$-$apartheid South Africa has had visible significant shifts in policy aimed at addressing inequalities of the past. Apart from this it is important to note that the capacity to effectively implement these policies and ensure service delivery of a good standard has been limited$.$ Issues such as a lack of skilled professionals in key areas, inefficient bureaucratic processes, and insufficient accountability mechanisms contribute to this challenge.$$Efforts need to be made to address these issues as well as the acknowledgement that the issue requires a multifaceted approach that entails strengthening institutions, enhancing transparency and accountability, improving public sector management, and investing in human capital.