From the below article, 1-describe the ethical issue in details. 2-stakeholders and their stakes, 3-business organisations involved, 4-Corporate social responsibility to each stakeholder and their dimensions of responsibility.

Article :

The COVID-19 vaccination gap is evident, with 10 countries accounting for almost three-quarters of the vaccines administered globally.

In the race to control the pandemic and reach herd immunity, countries in the Global South are being charged more than countries in the Global North. AstraZeneca, for example, charges US$5.25 per dose to South Africa compared to US$2.16 to the European Union.

Vaccine acquisition and distribution are also presenting different problems for different countries.

In Canada, managers of long-term care homes and their relatives allegedly queue-jumped to obtain early access to vaccines over more vulnerable people. In Germany, politicians were found to be skipping the vaccination line, while in Peru, a vaccination scandal dubbed VacunaGate has erupted.

In this October 2019 photo, President Martin Vizcarra smiles after the swearing-in ceremony of his new cabinet at the government palace in Lima, Peru. (AP Photo/Martin Mejia)

It involves former president Martin Vizcarra and his wife, former ministers of health and foreign affairs, vice-ministers, negotiators, high-profile lobbyists and family members of those in charge of the clinical trial meant to test the efficacy of the Chinese Sinopharm vaccine.

Almost 500 people jumped the queue and obtained an early courtesy dose of the Sinopharm vaccine while still negotiating with the company. The Chinese firm provided more doses than those required for the trial and received a conditional sanitary registry under irregular circumstances.

Peruvian corruption

This episode is just the latest in a long history of corruption in Peru that has stirred public outrage. More than a million Peruvians have been infected with COVID-19 and almost 50,000 have died.

Some of the queue-jumpers those directly implicated in the negotiation process with Sinopharm may face three to eight years in jail. Public servants who obtained courtesy vaccines for themselves or others might be charged with corruption. If any of those officials requested or accepted something in return for those vaccines, their actions might qualify as bribery.

Civil servants who unduly favour one company over others and company officials acting as counterparts in these negotiations may be charged with collusion. Not everyone who obtained courtesy vaccines has the same degree of criminal responsibility and will face the same potential criminal repercussions, raising questions about how we determine whats immoral conduct, illegal misconduct or both.

The legal questions are still up in the air, and currently a substantial investigation is underway. The scandal also raises concerns about Sinopharms practices because its the company that provided those extra shots to politicians, their family members, lobbyists and even the Popes representative in Peru.

The clinical trials

Clinical trials happen in multiple phases. Phase 1 tests safety. Participants in Phase 1 are usually given small doses of the vaccine and researchers will look for side-effects that occur.

Phase 2 looks for utility. Participants in Phase 2 are usually divided into groups who are given different doses of the vaccine, and researchers will determine which dose appears to provide the most protection, if any.

Phase 3 tests the optimal effectiveness of the final product. Participants in Phase 3 are given the most effective dose established in Phase 2 and researchers examine whether this dose is adequately effective on large populations.

The trials that took place in Peru beginning in September were Phase 3 trials. Sinopharm had completed up to Phase 2 before then, but not Phase 3.

For both Canada and Peru, a critical part of research ethics is the principle known as equipoise. Equipoise states that trials are only ethical if there is genuine uncertainty that the intervention in question is more effective than the current standard of care for the target population.

For these Phase 3 Peruvian trials, the intervention in question is the Sinopharm vaccine, and the standard of care is nothing because Peru had not approved other vaccines at that time. Because there was no standard of care to compare it to, such as other vaccines, the Sinopharm vaccine was compared against a placebo.

If Sinopharm presented these courtesy vaccines as samples, it implies that they were known to be adequately effective even before Phase 3 trials were complete. If they were known to be adequately effective, it was unethical for Sinopharm to have conducted a trial to analyze their efficacy in Peru because that would violate equipoise principles.

Empty vials of Chinas Sinopharm vaccine sit in a cup during a priority COVID-19 vaccination campaign of health workers at a public hospital in Lima, Peru, in February 2021. (AP Photo/Martin Mejia)

On the other hand, this was a new Phase 3 trial that passed an ethics review. That means the more likely option is that Sinopharm did not know the vaccines were adequately effective when they offered them to politicians.

This suggests Sinopharm might have provided untested vaccines to people outside of the trial. This is also unethical because it is dangerous and can undermine the scientific integrity of the trial. Either way, the two acts of giving courtesy vaccinations while simultaneously conducting a clinical trial violate commonly upheld ethical guidelines.

The danger of confidentiality

It is common practice for pharmaceutical companies to demand confidentiality clauses in their contracts with governments. For this reason, countries like Canada and Peru are unable to release all relevant information about these contracts to the public.

But how these deals are reached and what pharmaceutical companies do to win them should worry us. Due to the world shortage of vaccines, some countries might be in a poor bargaining position compared to their peers or pharmaceutical companies.

An Air Force member closes her eyes while getting a shot of Pfizers vaccine for COVID-19 at a military base in Lima, Peru, in March 2021. (AP Photo/Martin Mejia)

Simultaneously, some pharmaceutical companies might also take advantage of the inability of some governments to properly tackle corruption to win over those markets when competing with other pharmaceuticals. Vaccination queue-jumping and courtesy samples can lead to quid pro quo arrangements to the detriment of fair and transparent vaccination rollouts.

The Peruvian revelations have caused a massive uproar in the South American country. But they could also be a wake-up call for all nations to allow further investigations regarding Sinopharms business practices around the world.