Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is a regulator of both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis for the phosphofructokinase reaction of glycolysis and the fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase reaction of gluconeogenesis. In turn, the concentration of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate is regulated by many hormones, second messengers, and enzymes.

How do the following affect glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

Activate glycolysis / Inhibit gluconeogenesis increased glucagon levels Activate gluconeogenesis / Inhibit glycolysis increased levels of activation of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-2) activation of PFK-2 increased levels of cAMP