How do chemical engineers apply principles of thermodynamics in process design? Explain the fundamental concepts of thermodynamics, including entropy, enthalpy, and Gibbs free energy, and their significance in chemical engineering. Discuss the laws of thermodynamics and their application in analyzing and optimizing chemical processes. Explore the role of phase equilibria and reaction kinetics in process design, emphasizing their influence on reactor design and separation processes. Additionally, illustrate the practical applications of thermodynamics in industries such as petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and environmental engineering, highlighting its importance in optimizing efficiency and sustainability in chemical processes.