How does Sapolsky explain why extreme stress can make us (and other animals) "poop our pants?"

1. stress activates the sympathetic nervous system, which increases the contractions of the large intestines.

2. evolutionarily speaking, when we are running from a lion on the prairie, we don't need the extra weight of feces from which we've already extracted all the nutrients.

3. When glucocorticoids rise in the bloodstream, they relax the colon section of the bowels, and anything that is nearby slips out.

4. Saplosky describes what is stated in both A & B choices above.