In response to threats from such companies as Amazon.com, E$*$TRADE$,$ and dozens ofothers, established manufacturers and retailers became "brick$-$and$-$click" oriented by addingonline services to their existing offerings. This is known as $\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.$A$)$ reintermediationB$)$ disintermediationC$)$ retail transformationD$)$ e$-$collaborationE$)$ new$-$market synchronization