Individual workers and their identities? Societal or National culture in which the organisation is situated? Vision, personality and style of the founder or dominant leader? Type of business the organisation conducts and its business environment? Figure 2.4 GLOBE's Cultural Dimensions and Their Managerial Implications Cultural Dimensions Interpretations Managerial Implications Uncertainty Avoidance Rigidity vs. Flexibility Risk-taking vs. Risk-averse Power Distance Equality vs. Inequality Authoritarian vs. Democratic Decision Making Institutional Collectivism Individual vs. Group Independence vs. Interdependence In-group Collectivism In-group vs. Out-group Distinction Organization Loyalty vs. Mobility Gender Egalitarian Male and Female Role Differences Equal Opportunity vs. Discrimination Assertiveness Self-confidence vs. Agreeableness Internal vs. External Locus of Control Future Orientation Determinism vs. Optimism Status Quo vs. Change Performance Orientation Results vs. People Meritocracy vs. Connection Humane Orientation Self-Interest vs. Concern for Others Profits vs. Social Responsibility Source: Adapted from House et al., eds., Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2004)