Internal Validity Identify Threats Using "MR SMITH ID- CYBERBULLYING

PART ONE: Study Description Cyberbullying among children is worrisome, and the consequences of cyberbullying can be very harmful. Cyberbullying is commonly defined as intentionally and repeatedly sending or posting electronic messages or images with hurtful content to cause the victim harm. Fortunately, there are some remedies for cyberbullying, including interventions designed to help bystanders. For example, research by Vlaanderen et al. (2020) proposes that providing children with anti- cyberbullying training can increase their intention to get involved if they see cyberbullying happening to others. Set-up: Vlaanderen et al. recruited 300 fifth-grade children (mostly 10-year-olds) and had them login to the study website. All children completed an initial "pre-exposure questionnaire", which included general questions measuring their attitudes, subjective norms, behavioral control, and intentions about intervening when they see cyberbullying occurring. Following the pre-exposure questionnaire, participants were randomly assigned to one of two online training conditions: an anti-cyberbullying intervention or an anti-fake news intervention (control group). Both the anti-cyberbullying intervention and the fake-news intervention were online e-learning modules in which the children had to read information about either cyberbullying or fake news (respectively), complete tasks that deal with either cyberbullying or fake news, answer questions about spotting cyberbullying or fake news, and view videos. The duration of each intervention was approximately 35 min. For example, the cyberbullying website showed screens like these:

QUIZ: DO YOU RECOGNIZE CYBERBULLYING? CYBERBULLYING = INTENTIONALLY You are going to take a quiz. This quiz is about some Cyberbullying is intentional behaviour. This means individual stories. Please indicate for every story that someone tries to intentionally hurt someone whether you think the person in the story is being cyberbullied or rot. 2) sharing pictures without someone's consent Press 'START' to begin 3) creating fake accounts on social media START NEXT roximately three weeks after the intervention, all children filled out an online "post-exposure tionnaire" during school hours. This post-exposure questionnaire contained the same content e pre-exposure questionnaire, allowing for a direct comparison of the pre-exposure and the exposure questionnaires, with the type of intervention differing between conditions. That is: Anti-cyberbullying (150 students) exposure questionnaire Post-exposure questionnaire Anti-Fake News (150 students)