Which of the following have been offered as justification for stock price declines following an SEO announcement?

1. I. Investors assume managers issue stock when shares are overvalued.
2. II. Corporate taxes imposed on stock offerings lower the value of the issuer's cash flows.
3. III. Issuing equity may be considered a signal that the issuer has too much debt.
4. IV. Issue costs reduce the value of the issuing firm.

Multiple Choice

• I and III only

• II and IV only

• I, III, and IV only

• II, III, and IV only

• I, II, III, and IV