Which of the following is an example of disintermediation?

Donuts Haven, a fast food chain, expands its menu beyond breakfasts by adding hearty snacks that substitute as meals in order to provide competition to the other food chains in the area

Rusicwood, a furniture manufacturing firm, starts selling directly to its customers after experiencing a dip in sales due to channel conflicts between retailers

Anister, a car$-$manufacturing company, markets most of its four$-$wheel drives in high$-$altitude regions where vehicles require more power

A luxury car company creates a hybrid line of automobiles for consumers who are concerned about the environment