Your professor offers to give you $$1$ million if you memorize the textbook by tomorrow morning. You believe that no matter how much effort you put in$,$ it's probably not possible to achieve this task within $24$ hours. Your belief is based on

a$.$ the performance$-$rewards relationship called instrumentality.

b$.$ the effort$-$performance relationship called expectancy.

c$.$ the rewards$-$personal goals relationship called valence.

d$.$ the fact that your professor does not look like a millionaire.

e$.$ all of the wonderful items that can be purchased with the money.