■■ All the cultures included in the first study were literate, industrialized, and relatively modern. It was possible, therefore, that observers in those cultures learned how to interpret the facial expressions in the photographs. The fact that these cultures shared mass media—television, movies, magazines—reinforced this possibility because of shared visual input. Two studies involving two preliterate tribes in Papua, New Guinea, addressed these concerns (Ekman, Sorenson, & Friesen, 1969). In the first, participants were asked to select a story that best described a facial expression. Their data matched those obtained in literate, industrialized societies and constituted a second source of evidence in support of universality.