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chemistry principles and practice

Questions and Answers of Chemistry Principles And Practice

In each part, explain why one element has the higher first ionization energy.(a) Zr or Tc(b) Mo or W(c) Fe or Pt(d) Mn or Co
A solution is prepared by dissolving 1.00 g of a nonvolatile solute in 15.0 g acetic acid. The boiling point of this solution is 120.17 °C . Use the data in Table 12.4 to fi nd the molar mass of the
Draw structural formulas of all of the possible structural isomers of the pentanes, C5H12.Strategy Determine the unique ways the chain can be arranged.
Name the following compounds. (a) CHCHCHC-OH CHCH3 (b) CH3CHCCH Br (c) C6H5-O-CH
Identify the class of organic compounds (ester, ether, ketone, etc.) to which each of the following belongs i_OF (a) CH3CH-C-OH O (b) CH3-C-H CH (c) HC-O-CH3
Identify the class of organic compounds (ester, ether, ketone, etc.) to which each of the following belongs. (a) (b) (c) O (d) CHCCH -CHCHOH -0- -OH
Polystyrene, a polymer used for thermal insulation (e.g., coolers) and toys, is a chain-growth polymer of phenylethylene (styrene). Draw the repeating unit of polystyrene.
Tires are frequently made from SBR, the trade name of the chain-growth copolymer made from styrene (CH2PCHC6H5) and butadiene (CH2PCHCHPCH2). Draw the repeating unit.
Mannose has the same molecular formula as glucose and the same geometry except at carbon-2, where the H and OH groups are interchanged. Draw the structures of α- and β-mannose.
Write the formula for each of the following coordination compounds.(a) CoCl3·5NH3, in which only one of the chloride ions is coordinated to the metal(b) CoCl3·4NH3, in which two chloride ions are
Which of the following elements are transition metals?(a) Mo(b) $3La(c) $3Pd
In each part, select the transition element that has the higher melting point and explain why.(a) Cr or Co(b) $3Ti or Hf(c) $3Nb or V(d) $3Y or W
In each part, select the transition element that has the higher melting point and explain why.(a) Cr or Cu(b) $3Fe or Os(c) $3Cr or V(d) $3La or W
Determine the maximum positive oxidation state expected for each of the following.(a) Ti(b) $3W(c) $3Ta(d) $3Re
Determine the maximum positive oxidation state expected for each of the following.(a) Cr(b) $3Zr(c) $3Y(d) $3Tc
In each part, explain why one element has the higher first ionization energy.(a) Ti or Mn(b) $3V or Ta(c) $3Ru or Rh(d) $3Mo or Os
Write the formula for each of the following coordination compounds.(a) Chromium(III) chloride, in which one Cl- and five water molecules are coordinated to the metal(b) CrCl3·4NH3, which contains
Write the formula for each of the following coordination compounds.(a) A coordination compound containing two complex ions of Co(III), one with six CN- ions and the other with three ethylenediamine
Write the formula of each of the following ions or compounds.(a) Pentaaquachlorochromium(III) chloride(b) Tetraamminedinitrorhodium(III) bromide(c) Dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)ruthenium(III)(d)
Write the formula of each of the following ions or compounds.(a) Hexaaquachromium(III) hexacyanoferrate(III)(b) Bromochlorobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III)(c)
Identify which of the following ligands could display linkage isomerism: N-3, SCN-, NO-2, NCO-, ethylenediamine.
A compound is analyzed and found to consist of Co3+,3Cl-, and 4H2O groups. If this compound is shown by electrochemical measurements to consist of ions with 1- and 1+ charges, write the formula and
The oxide MnO2 reacts with limited amounts of carbon,C(s), to produce Mn(s) and CO(g). Write the balanced equation, and calculate the amount of carbon needed to produce 22.8 L CO(g) at 1.00 atm and
Because of the high reactivity of the boron hydrides with oxygen, they were considered as possible solid rocket fuels. Write the equation for the reaction of oxygen with B10H14 (a solid at room
Write the equation and describe the changes in hybridization of the boron atom in the reaction between BCl3 and NH3.
What are hybridizations of silicon and carbon in SiO2 and CO2?
Describe a p-type semiconductor based on silicon.
A sample of americium oxide, AmO2, was prepared for use in a smoke detector, as described in the introduction to this chapter. The detector contains 0.000330 g Am-242 oxide , and the absolute
In each part, write a complete, balanced nuclear equation.(a) A neutron transforms 7Be into 7Li.(b) A neutron reacts with 17O to form 14C.(c) 69Ga reacts with a neutron and emits a gamma
The atomic mass of 40Ca is 39.96259 u. What is the binding energy per nucleon (in MeV) in this atom?Strategy Calculate the mass defect from the sum of the masses of the particles and from the atomic
Compare the general penetrating abilities of alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Why are alpha particles produced inside the body particularly dangerous?
In 1999, workers were preparing a shipment of uranium solutions from a nuclear fuel fabrication plant in Japan. The workers decided to consolidate the solutions in a precipitation vat before placing
130I decays by emission of beta particles to form stable 130Xe. A sample of iodine-130 was recorded as having 1245 disintegrations per second at 11:00 a.m. on June 23. At 9:32 a.m. on June 24, the
A sample of uranium ore contains 6.73 mg 238U and 3.22 mg 206Pb. Assuming that all of the 206Pb arose from decay of the 238U and that the half-life of 238U is 4.51 × 109 years, determine the age of
The ratio of 87Rb to 87Sr can be used for the dating of geological samples, assuming that all of the strontium came from the beta decay of rubidium (t1/2 = 5.0 × 1010 years). What is the age of a
The actual mass of a 108Pd atom is 107.90389 u.(a) Calculate the mass defect in atomic mass units per atom (u/atom) and in grams per mole (g/mol) for this isotope.(b) What is the nuclear binding
The atomic masses of three isotopes of aluminum are 26 A1 25.9869 27 A1 26.9815 28 Al 27.9819 (a) Calculate the binding energy per nucleon, in mega- electron volts, for each of these isotopes of
One of the fission products that causes major concern is 90Sr, because it is incorporated into milk and other high calcium foods. 90Sr undergoes beta decay with a half-life of 28.1 years. What
One of the promising reactions for a controlled fusion reactor consumes deuterium (2H) and tritium (3H) in the reactionThe atomic mass of each particle is given below the equation. Calculate the
Gaseous diffusion is used to enrich natural uranium in 235U. Use Graham’s law to calculate the ratio of enrichment of 235U by a single diffusion of UF6. The atomic masses of the two principal
A 100.0 g sample of water containing tritium, 31H, emits 2.89 × 103 beta particles per second. Tritium has a half-life of 12.3 years. What percentage of all the hydrogen atoms in the water sample
The human body also contains potassium. If a 70-kg person has an average of 140 g potassium in his or her body, what is the radioactivity of this person, in becquerel, coming from 40K? See Exercise
Hydrochloric acid is sold as a 36% aqueous solution. Express this concentration in(a) Molality(b) Mole fraction.StrategyWrite each concentration unit in the form of a fraction to separate the units
Explain the difference between distillation and fractional distillation.
A 0.500-g sample of a nonvolatile, yellow crystalline solid dissolves in 15.0 g benzene, producing a solution that freezes at 5.03 °C. Use the data in Table 12.4 to find the molar mass of the yellow
Name the following compounds.Strategy Follow the steps outlined earlier in the order presented.
Name the following two compounds.
Which of the following substituted alkenes have cis and trans isomers? Give the name of each compound.
Name the following compounds.
Name each of the following alcohols, and indicate whether it is primary, secondary, or tertiary.
Name the following substituted alkane.
Name the following compound.
Draw all the possible isomers of alkenes with the formula C5H10. Write the name of each.
Draw the structure of 1,2-dibromo-4-methylbenzene.
Name the following alcohol, and indicate whether it is primary, secondary, or tertiary.
Draw the structure of phenyl propanoate.
Explain the differences between organic chemistry and biochemistry.
Explain what is special about the element carbon that causes it to have such an extensive chemistry.
Why are alkanes also called saturated hydrocarbons? What is the hybridization of the carbon atoms in alkanes?
Draw the boat and chair configurations of 1,1,3,3-tetramethylcyclohexane.Which is more stable? Why?
What are the hybridized orbitals on the carbon atoms that form the σ bonds in ethylene and acetylene?
Explain why cis and trans isomers exist for 1,2-dibromoethene but not for 1,1-dibromoethene.
Both carboxylic acids and alcohols contain the –OH functional group, but only one of them is acidic in water.Which one is acidic? Why?
Explain why ethyl alcohol has a higher boiling point than methyl ethyl ether even though the latter has the greater molecular weight.
Explain what is meant by cross-linking a polymer. How does cross-linking affect the properties of the polymer?
Describe the four levels of structure of a protein.
Describe the bonding in an α-helix and in a β-pleated sheet. To what type of structure within the protein do these arrangements refer?
Describe the difference between cellulose and starch.How are they treated differently by the human digestive system?
Discuss the functions of DNA and RNA.
Describe the three components of a nucleotide. Be specific about the components used in DNA and those in RNA.
Describe the Watson and Crick model of DNA. How does this model account for the experimental fact that the A/T and G/C ratios are 1?
Describe how both DNA and RNA are used in the synthesis of a specific protein.
Which of the following molecules are noncyclic alkanes?(a) C8H16 (b) C6H14 (c) C4H9F (d) C9H20
Which of the following molecules are noncyclic alkanes?(a) C5H12 (b) C6H12 (c) C3H6 (d) C4H9Cl
Write the molecular formula of a noncyclic alkane that contains eight carbon atoms.
Write the molecular formula of a noncyclic alkane that contains 12 carbon atoms.
Show a structural formula for the straight-chain isomer of C5H12. Name the alkyl group formed by the removal of hydrogen atom from one of the terminal carbon atoms.
Show the structural formula for C3H8. Name the alkyl group formed by the removal of a hydrogen atom from the center carbon atom.
Draw the structural formulas for the isomers of hexane, and name each isomer.
Write the structural formula for each of the following alkanes.(a) 2-methylhexane(b) 3,3-dichloroheptane(c) 2-methyl-3-phenyloctane(d) 1,1-diethylcyclohexane
Write the structural formula for each of the following alkanes.(a) 1-bromobutane(b) 2-methyl-3-nitropentane(c) 2,2-dimethylhexane(d) 1-chloro-1-methylcyclopentane
Name the following compounds.
Name the following compounds.
Write the general formulas for a noncyclic alkene and a noncyclic alkyne.
Show an example of an alkene that can exist as both cis and trans isomers and another that cannot.
Name the following unsaturated compounds.
Name the following unsaturated compounds.
Which compound exists as cis and trans isomers?
Which compound exists as cis and trans isomers?
Draw all possible isomers for the substituted alkene C3H5F.
Write the structural formula for each of the following unsaturated compounds.(a) 2-bromo-1-hexene(b) cis-4-nitro-2-pentene(c) 1,2-dichloro-3-hexyne(d) 1,1-difl uoro-3-chloro-1-heptene
Write the structural formula for each of the following unsaturated compounds.(a) 2,3-dimethyl-1-pentene(b) 1-methylcyclohexene(c) cis-1-chloro-2-butene(d) 4-methyl-1-hexene
Write the structural formula of propyne, and name the product of its reaction with two molecules of Cl2.
Write the structural formula of 2-hexene, and name the product of its reaction with Br2.
Which of the following compounds can exist as cis and trans isomers? Draw and label them.(a) 2,3-dimethyl-2-butene(b) 2-chloro-2-butene(c) dichlorobenzene
Draw the three isomers of dimethylbenzene.
Draw all the isomers of trichlorobenzene.
State which compound in each of the following pairs you expect to have the higher boiling point. Explain your answer.
State which compound in each of the following pairs you expect to have the higher boiling point. Explain your answer.
Write the structural formula and name the organic product expected from the acid-catalyzed condensation reaction of CH3OH.

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