(p. 76). Recall that study participants were randomly assigned to play the role of gift-giver or gift-receiver. Gift-receivers were asked to provide the level of appreciation (measured on a 7-point scale where 1 = “not at all” and 7 = “to a great extent”) they had for the last birthday gift they received from a loved one. Gift-givers were asked to recall the last birthday gift they gave to a loved one and to provide the level of appreciation the loved one had for the gift. The researchers wanted to know if the average level of appreciation is higher for birthday gift-givers than for birthday gift-receivers.

a. Why is this study designed?

b. Specify the key elements of the study: experimental unit, response variable, factor, and treatments. Applying the Concepts—Intermediate