TheHardyWeinbergformulaforthegeneticvariationofapopulationatequilibriumstatesthat with probability of the A allele, theprobabilitiesofgenotypes(AA, Aa, aa) are (2, 2(1 ), (1)2).

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TheHardy–Weinbergformulaforthegeneticvariationofapopulationatequilibriumstatesthat with probability π of the A allele, theprobabilitiesofgenotypes(AA, Aa, aa) are (π2, 2π(1 −

π), (1−π)2). Assumeamultinomialdistribution(Section 2.6.4) for n observationswithcounts

(y1, y2, y3) of (AA,Aa,aa).

(a) Expressthelog-likelihoodfunctionforthemultinomialandfindtheMLestimateof π.

(b) Usingequation(4.4),find I(π) and theapproximatelarge-samplestandarderrorof ˆπ.

(c) Explainhowyoucouldusethelarge-samplenormalityofMLestimatorsandtheresult in (b)toconstructa95%confidenceintervalfor π.

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