See the Introduction chapter of the Routledge Handbook of Emergence [155].
(a) Define the two concepts: epistemic emergence and ontological emergence.
(b) Can you think of methodologies, experiments and data sampling that will allow one to decide whether an observed emergent phenomenon is epistemic or ontological?
(c) Even if emergence is ‘only’ epistemic, why is it then still of importance to characterise its nature and structure?
(d) How do the emergence discussed by Herbert Simon [412] and by Phil Anderson [18] fit into the classification in terms of epistemic and ontological emergence.