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chemistry
organic chemistry

Questions and Answers of Organic Chemistry

Convert: a. 51oF to degrees Celsius b. 7oF to degrees Celsius c. 41oC to degrees Fahrenheit d. 22oC to degrees Fahrenheit
Salt and ice are stirred together to give a mixture to freeze ice cream. The temperature of the mixture is 21.1oC. What is this temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?
Liquid nitrogen an be used for the quick freezing of foods. The liquid boils at 196oC. What is this temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?
A certain sample of the mineral galena (lead sulfide) weighs 12.4 g and has a volume of 1.64 cm3. What is the density of galena?
A flask contains 25.0 mL of diethyl ether weighing 17.84 g. What is the density of the ether?
A liquid with a volume of 8.5 mL has a mass of 6.71 g. The liquid is either octane, ethanol, or benzene, the densities of which are 0.702 g/cm3, 0.789 g/cm3, and 0.879 g/cm3, respectively. What is
A mineral sample has a mass of 5.95 g and a volume of 7.9 cm3. The mineral is either sphalerite (density × 4.0 g/cm3), cassiterite (density × 6.99 g/cm3), or cinnabar (density × 8.10 g/cm3). Which
Platinum has a density of 21.4 g/cm3. What is the mass of 5.9 cm3 of this metal?
What is the mass of a 43.8-mL sample of gasoline, which has a density of 0.70 g/cm3?
Ethanol has a density of 0.789 g/cm3. What volume must be poured into a graduated cylinder to give 19.8 g of alcohol?
Choose a substance and give several of its physical properties and several of its chemical properties.
Bromine is a red-brown liquid with a density of 3.10 g/mL. A sample of bromine weighing 88.5 g occupies what volume? Unit Conversions
Sodium hydrogen carbonate, known commercially as baking soda, reacts with acidic materials such as vinegar to release carbon dioxide gas. An experiment calls for 0.480 kg of sodium hydrogen
The acidic constituent in vinegar is acetic acid. A 10.0-mL sample of a certain vinegar contains 501 mg of acetic acid. What is this mass of acetic acid expressed in micrograms?
The different colors of light have different wavelengths. The human eye is most sensitive to light whose wavelength is 555 nm (greenish-yellow). What is this wavelength in centimeters?
Water consists of molecules (groups of atoms). A water molecule has two hydrogen atoms, each connected to an oxygen atom. The distance between any one hydrogen atom and the oxygen atom is 0.96 Å.
The total amount of fresh water on earth is estimated to be 3.73 × 108 km3. What is this volume in cubic meters? in liters?
A submicroscopic particle suspended in a solution has a volume of 1.3 × m3. What is this volume in liters?
How many grams are there in 3.58 short tons? Note that 1 g = 0.03527 oz (ounces avoirdupois), 1 lb (pound) = 16 oz, and 1 short ton = 2000 lb. (These relations are exact.)
The calorie, the Btu (British thermal unit), and the joule are units of energy; 1 calorie = 4.184 joules (exact), and 1 Btu = 252.0 calories. Convert 3.15 Btu to joules.
The first measurement of sea depth was made in 1840 in the central South Atlantic, where a plummet was lowered 2425 fathoms. What is this depth in meters? Note that 1 fathom = 6 ft, 1 ft = 12 in.,
Give examples of an element, a compound, a heterogeneous mixture, and a homogeneous mixture.
The estimated amount of recoverable oil from the field at Prudhoe Bay in Alaska is 1.3 × 1010 barrels. What is this amount of oil in cubic meters? One barrel = 42 gal (exact), 1 gal = 4 qt (exact),
A fish tank is 20.0 in. long, 20.0 in. deep, and 10.0 in. high. What is the maximum volume of water, in liters, that the fish tank can hold?
The population density of worms in a particular field is 25 worms per cubic meter of soil. How many worms would there be in the top meter of soil in a field that has dimensions of 1.00 km by 2.0 km?
Sodium metal reacts vigorously with water. A piece of sodium weighing 19.70 g was added to a beaker containing 126.22 g of water. During reaction, hydrogen gas was produced and bubbled from the
An antacid tablet weighing 0.853 g contained calcium carbonate as the active ingredient, in addition to an inert binder. When an acid solution weighing 56.519 g was added to the tablet, carbon
When a mixture of aluminum powder and iron(III) oxide is ignited, it produces molten iron and aluminum oxide. In an experiment, 5.40 g of aluminum was mixed with 18.50 g of iron(III) oxide. At the
When chlorine gas is bubbled into a solution of sodium bromide, the sodium bromide reacts to give bromine, a redbrown liquid, and sodium chloride (ordinary table salt). A solution was made by
Describe each of the following as a physical or chemical property of each listed chemical substance. a. Baking soda reacts with vinegar b. Ice melts at 0oC c. Graphite is a soft, black solid d.
Calculate the formula masses of the following compounds, using a table of atomic masses. Give the answers to three significant figures.a. Nitrogen dioxide, NO2.b. Glucose, C6H12O6.c. Sodium
A sample of compound weighing 83.5 g contains 33.4 g of sulfur. The rest is oxygen. What is the empirical formula?
Benzoic acid is a white, crystalline powder used as a food preservative. The compound contains 68.8% C, 5.0% H, and 26.2% O, by mass. What is its empirical formula?
The percentage composition of acetaldehyde is 54.5% C, 9.2% H, and 36.3% O, and its molecular mass is 44 amu. Obtain the molecular formula of acetaldehyde.
In an industrial process, hydrogen chloride, HCl, is prepared by burning hydrogen gas, H2, in an atmosphere of chlorine, Cl2. Write the chemical equation for the reaction. Below the equation, give
Sodium is a soft, reactive metal that instantly reacts with water to give hydrogen gas and a solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH. How many grams of sodium metal are needed to give 7.81 g of hydrogen
Sphalerite is a zinc sulfide (ZnS) mineral and an important commercial source of zinc metal. The first step in the processing of the ore consists of heating the sulfide with oxygen to give zinc
The British chemist Joseph Priestley prepared oxygen in 1774 by heating mercury(II) oxide, HgO. Mercury metal is the other product. If 6.47 g of oxygen is collected, how many grams of mercury metal
Aluminum chloride, AlCl3, is used as a catalyst in various industrial reactions. It is prepared from hydrogen chloride gas and aluminum metal shavings. 2Al(s) + 6HCl(g) → 2AlCl3(s) 3H2(g) Suppose
In an experiment, 7.36 g of zinc was heated with 6.45 g of sulfur. Assume that these substances react according to the equation 8Zn + S8 → 8ZnS What amount of zinc sulfide was produced?
New industrial plants for acetic acid react liquid methanol with carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalyst. CH3OH(l) + CO(g) → HC2H3O2(l) In an experiment, 15.0 g of methanol and 10.0 g of
For the following compounds, write the molecular formula and calculate the formula mass to three significant figures.
a. What is the mass in grams of a calcium atom, Ca? b. What is the mass in grams of an ethanol molecule, C2H5OH?
Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is a colorless liquid. A concentrated solution of it is used as a source of oxygen for rocket propellant fuels. Dilute aqueous solutions are used as a bleach. Analysis of a
Nitric acid, HNO3, is a colorless, corrosive liquid used in the manufacture of nitrogen fertilizers and explosives. In an experiment to develop new explosives for mining operations, a sample
Hydrogen cyanide, HCN, is a volatile, colorless liquid with the odor of certain fruit pits (such as peach and cherry pits). The compound is highly poisonous. How many molecules are there in 56 mg
Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, which is prepared from nitric acid, is used as a nitrogen fertilizer. Calculate the mass percentages of the elements in ammonium nitrate (to three significant figures).
How many grams of nitrogen, N, are there in a fertilizer containing 48.5 g of ammonium nitrate and no other nitrogen-containing compound? See Exercise 3.7 for the percentage composition of NH4NO3.
A 3.87-mg sample of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) gives 5.80 mg CO2 and 1.58 mg H2O on combustion. What is the percentage composition of this compound (the mass percentage of each element)? Ascorbic acid
You have 1.5 moles of tricycles. a. How many moles of seats do you have? b. How many moles of tires do you have? c. How could you use parts a and b as an analogy to teach a friend about the number of
You perform combustion analysis on a compound that contains only C and H. a. Considering the fact that the combustion products CO2 and H2O are colorless, how can you tell if some of the product got
A friend has some questions about empirical formulas and molecular formulas. You can assume that he is good at performing the calculations. a. For a problem that asked him to determine the empirical
The main reaction of a charcoal grill is C(s) + O2(g) †’ CO2(g). Which of the statements below are incorrect? Why?a. 1 atom of carbon reacts with 1 molecule of oxygen to produce 1 molecule
You perform the hypothetical reaction of an element, X2(g), with another element, Y(g), to produce XY(g).a. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.b. If X2 and Y were mixed in the
What is the difference between a formula mass and a molecular mass? Could a given substance have both a formula mass and a molecular mass?
What is a limiting reactant in a reaction mixture? Explain how it determines the amount of product.
Morphine, a narcotic substance obtained from opium, has the molecular formula C17H19NO3. What is the mass percentage of each element in morphine (to three significant figures)?
A moth repellent, para-dichlorobenzene, has the composition 49.1% C, 2.7% H, and 48.2% Cl. Its molecular mass is 147 amu. What is its molecular formula?
Sorbic acid is added to food as a mold inhibitor. Its composition is 64.3% C, 7.2% H, and 28.5% O, and its molecular mass is 112 amu. What is its molecular formula?
Thiophene is a liquid compound of the elements C, H, and S. A sample of thiophene weighing 7.96 mg was burned in oxygen, giving 16.65 mg CO2. Another sample was subjected to a series of reactions
Aniline, a starting compound for urethane plastic foams, consists of C, H, and N. Combustion of such compounds yields CO2, H2O, and N2 as products. If the combustion of 9.71 mg of aniline yields 6.63
A sample of limestone (containing calcium carbonate, CaCO3) weighing 438 mg is treated with oxalic acid, H2C2O4, to give calcium oxalate, CaC2O4. CaCO3(s) + H2C2O4(aq) → CaC2O4(s) + H2O(l) +
A titanium ore contains rutile (TiO2) plus some iron oxide and silica. When it is heated with carbon in the presence of chlorine, titanium tetrachloride, TiCl4, is formed. TiO2(s) + C(s) + 2Cl2(g)
Ethylene oxide, C2H4O, is made by the oxidation of ethylene, C2H4. 2C2H4(g) + O2(g) → 2C2H4O(g) Ethylene oxide is used to make ethylene glycol for automobile antifreeze. In a pilot study, 10.6 g of
Nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2, an important raw material for the dye industry, is prepared from benzene, C6H6, and nitric acid, HNO3. C6H6(l) + HNO3(l) → C6H5NO2(l) + H2O(l) When 22.4 g of benzene and an
Zinc metal can be obtained from zinc oxide, ZnO, by reaction at high temperature with carbon monoxide, CO. ZnO(s) + CO(g) → Zn(s) + CO2(g) The carbon monoxide is obtained from carbon. 2C(s) + O2(g)
Come up with some examples of limiting reactants that use the concept but don’t involve chemical reactions.
Hydrogen cyanide, HCN, can be made by a two-step process. First, ammonia is reacted with O2 to give nitric oxide, NO. 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) Then nitric oxide is reacted with methane,
Calcium carbide, CaC2, used to produce acetylene, C2H2, is prepared by heating calcium oxide, CaO, and carbon, C, to high temperature. CaO(s) + 3C(s) → CaC2(s) + CO(g) If a mixture contains 2.60 kg
A mixture consisting of 11.9 g of calcium fluoride, CaF2, and 10.3 g of sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is heated to drive off hydrogen fluoride, HF. CaF2(s) + H2SO4(l) → 2HF(g) + CaSO4(s) What is the
Alloys, or metallic mixtures, of mercury with another metal are called amalgams. Sodium in sodium amalgam reacts with water. (Mercury does not.) 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) If a 15.23-g
A sample of sandstone consists of silica, SiO2, and calcite, CaCO3. When the sandstone is heated, calcium carbonate, CaCO3, decomposes into calcium oxide, CaO, and carbon dioxide. CaCO3(s) → CaO(s)
What type of information can you obtain from a compound using a mass spectrometer?
Why is the mass spectrum of a molecule much more complicated than that of an atom?
Exactly 4.0 g of hydrogen gas combines with 32 g of oxygen gas according to the following reaction. 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O a. How many hydrogen molecules are required to completely react with 48 oxygen
Aluminum metal reacts with iron(III) oxide to produce aluminum oxide and iron metal. a. How many moles of Fe2O3 are required to completely react with 41 g Al? b. How many moles of Fe are produced by
Consider the equation 2KOH + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2H2O a. If 25 g H2SO4 is reacted with 7.7 g KOH, how many grams of K2SO4 are produced? b. For part a of this problem, identify the limiting reactant and
Explain why it is impossible to have a theoretical yield of more than 100%.
You perform combustion analysis on 255 mg of a molecule that contains only C, H, and O, and you find that 561 mg CO2 is produced, along with 306 mg H2O. a. If the molecule contains only C, H, and O,
When ammonia and oxygen are reacted, they produce nitric oxide and water. When 8.5 g of ammonia is allowed to react with an excess of O2, the reaction produces 12.0 g of nitrogen monoxide. What is
A 3.0-L sample of paint that has a density of 4.65 g/mL is found to contain 27.5 g Pb3N2(s). How many grams of lead were in the paint sample?
A 12.1-g sample of Na2SO3 is mixed with a 15.5-g sample of MgSO4. What is the total mass of oxygen present in the mixture?
Potassium superoxide, KO2, is employed in a selfcontained breathing apparatus used by emergency personnel as a source of oxygen. The reaction is 4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g) Say a
Calcium carbonate is a common ingredient in stomach antacids. If an antacid tablet has 68.4 mg of calcium carbonate, how many moles of calcium carbonate are there in 175 tablets?
While cleaning out your closet, you find a jar labeled “2.21 moles lead nitrite.” Since Stock convention was not used, you do not know the oxidation number of the lead. You weigh the contents,
A 0.500-g mixture of Cu2O and CuO contains 0.425 g Cu. What is the mass of CuO in the mixture?
A mixture of Fe2O3 and FeO was found to contain 72.00% Fe by mass. What is the mass of Fe2O3 in 0.500 g of this mixture?
Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying molecule of red blood cells, consisting of a protein and a nonprotein substance. The nonprotein substance is called heme. A sample of heme weighing 35.2 mg contains
Penicillin V was treated chemically to convert sulfur to barium sulfate, BaSO4. An 8.19-mg sample of penicillin V gave 5.46 mg BaSO4. What is the percentage of sulfur in penicillin V? If there is one
A 3.41-g sample of a metallic element, M, reacts completely with 0.0158 mol of a gas, X2, to form 4.52 g MX. What are the identities of M and X?
1.92 g M+ ion reacts with 0.158 mol X ion to produce a compound, MX2, which is 86.8% X by mass. What are the identities of M+ and X?
An alloy of iron (54.7%), nickel (45.0%), and manganese (0.3%) has a density of 8.17 g/cm3. How many iron atoms are there in a block of alloy measuring 10.0 cm × 20.0 cm × 15.0 cm?
An alloy of iron (71.0%), cobalt (12.0%), and molybdenum (17.0%) has a density of 8.20 g/cm3. How many cobalt atoms are there in a cylinder with a radius of 2.50 cm and a length of 10.0 cm?
Part 1: The mole provides a convenient package where we can make a connection between the mass of a substance and the number (count) of that substance. This is a familiar concept if you have ever
a. How many hydrogen and oxygen atoms are present in 1 molecule of H2O? b. How many moles of hydrogen and oxygen atoms are present in 1 mol H2O? c. What are the masses of hydrogen and oxygen in 1.0
You react nitrogen and hydrogen in a container to produce ammonia, NH3(g). The following figure depicts the contents of the container after the reaction is complete.a. Write a balanced chemical
Propane, C3H8, is the fuel of choice in a gas barbecue. When burning, the balanced equation is C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O a. What is the limiting reactant in cooking with a gas grill? b. If the grill
A critical point to master in becoming proficient at solving problems is evaluating whether or not your answer is reasonable. A friend asks you to look over her homework to see if she has done the
An exciting, and often loud, chemical demonstration involves the simple reaction of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas to produce water vapor: 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g) The reaction is carried out in soap
High cost and limited availability of a reactant often dictate which reactant is limiting in a particular process. Identify the limiting reactant when the reactions below are run, and come up with a

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