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chemistry
organic chemistry

Questions and Answers of Organic Chemistry

A few hydrogen and oxygen molecules are introduced into a container in the quantities depicted in the following drawing. The gases are then ignited by a spark, causing them to react and form H2O.a.
A friend asks if you would be willing to check several homework problems to see if she is on the right track. Following are the problems and her proposed solutions. When you identify the problem with
A friend is doing his chemistry homework and is working with the following chemical reaction. 2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) He tells you that if he reacts 2 moles of C2H2 with 4 moles of
Find the formula masses of the following substances to three significant figures. a. Methanol, CH3OH b. Nitrogen trioxide, NO3 c. Potassium carbonate, K2CO3 d. Nickel phosphate, Ni3(PO4)2
Find the ormula masses of the following substances to three significant figures. a. Sulfuric acid, K2SO4 b. Phosphorus pentachloride, PCl5 c. Potassium sulfite, K2SO3 d. Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2
Calculate the formula mass of the following molecules to three significant figures.
One mole of N2 contains how many N2 molecules? How many N atoms are there in one mole of N2? One mole of iron(III) sulfate, Fe2(SO4)3, contains how many moles of SO42 ions? How many moles of O atoms?
Calculate the formula mass of the following molecules to three significant figures.
Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, is used as a nitrogen fertilizer and in explosives. What is the molar mass of NH4NO3?
Phosphoric acid, H3PO4, is used to make phosphate fertilizers and detergents and is also used in carbonated beverages. What is the molar mass of H3PO4?
Calculate the mass (in grams) of each of the following species. a. Na atom b. N atom c. CH3Cl molecule d. Hg(NO3)2 formula unit
Calculate the mass (in grams) of each of the following species. a. Ar atom b. Te atom c. PBr3 molecule d. Fe(OH)3 formula unit
Diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O, commonly known as ether, is used as an anesthetic. What is the mass in grams of a molecule of diethyl ether?
Glycerol, C3H8O3, is used as a moistening agent for candy and is the starting material for nitroglycerin. Calculate the mass of a glycerol molecule in grams.
Calculate the mass in grams of the following. a. 0.15 mol Na b. 0.594 mol S c. 2.78 mol CH2Cl2 d. 38 mol (NH4)2S
Calculate the mass in grams of the following. a. 0.205 mol Fe b. 0.79 mol F c. 5.8 mol CO2 d. 48.1 mol K2CrO4
Boric acid, H3BO3, is a mild antiseptic and is often used as an eyewash. A sample contains 0.543 mol H3BO3. What is the mass of boric acid in the sample?
Explain what is involved in determining the composition of a compound of C, H, and O by combustion.
Carbon disulfide, CS2, is a colorless, highly flammable liquid used in the manufacture of rayon and cellophane. A sample contains 0.0205 mol CS2. Calculate the mass of carbon disulfide in the sample.
Obtain the moles of substance in the following. a. 2.86 g C b. 7.05 g Cl2 c. 76 g C4H10 d. 26.2 g Al2(CO3)3
Obtain the moles of substance in the following. a. 2.57 g As b. 7.83 g S8 c. 36.5 g N2H4 d. 227 g Al2(SO4)3
Calcium sulfate, CaSO4, is a white, crystalline powder. Gypsum is a mineral, or natural substance, that is a hydrate of calcium sulfate. A 1.000-g sample of gypsum contains 0.791 g CaSO4. How many
A 1.547-g sample of blue copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, CuSO4∙5H2O, is heated carefully to drive off the water. The white crystals of CuSO4 that are left behind have a mass of 0.989 g. How many
Calculate the following. a. Number of atoms in 8.21 g Li b. Number of atoms in 32.0 g Br2 c. Number of molecules in 45 g NH3 d. Number of formula units in 201 g PbCrO4 e. Number of SO42 ions in 14.3
Calculate the following. a. Number of atoms in 25.7 g Al b. Number of atoms in 8.71 g I2 c. Number of molecules in 14.9 g N2O5 d. Number of formula units in 3.31 g NaClO4 e. number of Ca2+ ions in
Carbon tetrachloride is a colorless liquid used in the manufacture of fluorocarbons and as an industrial solvent. How many molecules are there in 7.58 mg of carbon tetrachloride?
Chlorine trifluoride is a colorless, reactive gas used in nuclear fuel reprocessing. How many molecules are there in a 5.88-mg sample of chlorine trifluoride?
A 1.836-g sample of coal contains 1.584 g C. Calculate the mass percentage of C in the coal.
Explain what is involved in obtaining the empirical formula from the percentage composition.
A 6.01-g aqueous solution of isopropyl alcohol contains 4.01 g of isopropyl alcohol. What is the mass percentage of isopropyl alcohol in the solution?
Phosphorus oxychloride is the starting compound for preparing substances used as flame retardants for plastics. An 8.53-mg sample of phosphorus oxychloride contains 1.72 mg of phosphorus. What is the
Ethyl mercaptan is an odorous substance added to natural gas to make leaks easily detectable. A sample of ethyl mercaptan weighing 3.17 mg contains 1.64 mg of sulfur. What is the mass percentage of
A fertilizer is advertised as containing 14.0% nitrogen (by mass). How much nitrogen is there in 4.15 kg of fertilizer?
Seawater contains 0.0065% (by mass) of bromine. How many grams of bromine are there in 2.50 L of seawater? The density of seawater is 1.025 g/cm3.
A sample of an alloy of aluminum contains 0.0898 mol Al and 0.0381 mol Mg. What are the mass percentages of Al and Mg in the alloy?
A sample of gas mixture from a neon sign contains 0.0856 mol Ne and 0.0254 mol Kr. What are the mass percentages of Ne and Kr in the gas mixture?
Calculate the percentage composition for each of the following compounds (three significant figures). a. CO b. CO2 c. NaH2PO4 d. Co(NO3)2
Calculate the percentage composition for each of the following compounds (three significant figures). a. NO2 b. H2O2 c. KClO4 d. Mg(NO2)2
Calculate the mass percentage of each element in toluene, represented by the following molecular model.
A substance has the molecular formula C6H12O2. What is its empirical formula?
Calculate the mass percentage of each element in 2-propanol, represented by the following molecular model.
Which contains more carbon, 6.01 g of glucose, C6H12O6, or 5.85 g of ethanol, C2H6O?
Which contains more sulfur, 40.8 g of calcium sulfate, CaSO4, or 35.2 g of sodium sulfite, Na2SO3?
Ethylene glycol is used as an automobile antifreeze and in the manufacture of polyester fibers. The name glycol stems from the sweet taste of this poisonous compound. Combustion of 6.38 mg of
Phenol, commonly known as carbolic acid, was used by Joseph Lister as an antiseptic for surgery in 1865. Its principal use today is in the manufacture of phenolic resins and plastics. Combustion of
An oxide of osmium (symbol Os) is a pale yellow solid. If 2.89 g of the compound contains 2.16 g of osmium, what is its empirical formula?
An oxide of tungsten (symbol W) is a bright yellow solid. If 5.34 g of the compound contains 4.23 g of tungsten, what is its empirical formula?
Potassium manganate is a dark green, crystalline substance whose composition is 39.6% K, 27.9% Mn, and 32.5% O, by mass. What is its empirical formula?
Hydroquinone, used as a photographic developer, is 65.4% C, 5.5% H, and 29.1% O, by mass. What is the empirical formula of hydroquinone?
Acrylic acid, used in the manufacture of acrylic plastics, has the composition 50.0% C, 5.6% H, and 44.4% O. What is its empirical formula?
Hydrogen peroxide has the empirical formula HO and an empirical formula weight of 17.0 amu. If the molecular mass is 34.0 amu, what is the molecular formula?
Malonic acid is used in the manufacture of barbiturates (sleeping pills). The composition of the acid is 34.6% C, 3.9% H, and 61.5% O. What is malonic acid’s empirical formula?
Two compounds have the same composition: 92.25% C and 7.75% H. a. Obtain the empirical formula corresponding to this composition. b. One of the compounds has a molecular mass of 52.03 amu; the other,
Two compounds have the same composition: 85.62% C and 14.38% H. a. Obtain the empirical formula corresponding to this composition. b. One of the compounds has a molecular mass of 28.03 amu; the
Putrescine, a substance produced by decaying animals, has the empirical formula C2H6N. Several determinations of molecular mass give values in the range of 87 to 90 amu. Find the molecular formula of
Compounds of boron with hydrogen are called boranes. One of these boranes has the empirical formula BH3 and a molecular mass of 28 amu. What is its molecular formula?
Oxalic acid is a toxic substance used by laundries to remove rust stains. Its composition is 26.7% C, 2.2% H, and 71.1% O (by mass), and its molecular mass is 90 amu. What is its molecular formula?
Adipic acid is used in the manufacture of nylon. The composition of the acid is 49.3% C, 6.9% H, and 43.8% O (by mass), and the molecular mass is 146 amu. What is the molecular formula?
Ethylene, C2H4, burns in oxygen to give carbon dioxide, CO2, and water. Write the equation for the reaction, giving molecular, molar, and mass interpretations below the equation.
Hydrogen sulfide gas, H2S, burns in oxygen to give sulfur dioxide, SO2, and water. Write the equation for the reaction, giving molecular, molar, and mass interpretations below the equation.
Butane, C4H10, burns with the oxygen in air to give carbon dioxide and water. 2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) → 8CO2(g) + 10H2O(g) What is the amount (in moles) of carbon dioxide produced from 0.30 mol C4H10?
Describe in words the meaning of the equation CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O using a molecular, a molar, and then a mass interpretation.
Ethanol, C2H5OH, burns with the oxygen in air to give carbon dioxide and water. C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) What is the amount (in moles) of water produced from 0.69 mol C2H5OH?
Iron in the form of fine wire burns in oxygen to form iron(III) oxide. 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s) How many moles of O2 are needed to produce 3.91 mol Fe2O3?
Nickel(II) chloride reacts with sodium phosphate to precipitate nickel(II) phosphate. 3NiCl2(aq) + 2Na3PO4(aq) → Ni3(PO4)2(s) + 6NaCl(aq) How many moles of nickel(II) chloride are needed to produce
Nitric acid, HNO3, is manufactured by the Ostwald process, in which nitrogen dioxide, NO2, reacts with water. 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g) How many grams of nitrogen dioxide are required in
White phosphorus, P4, is prepared by fusing calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2, with carbon, C, and sand, SiO2, in an electric furnace. 2Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6SiO2(s) + 10C(s) → P4(g) + 6CaSiO3(l) +
Tungsten metal, W, is used to make incandescent bulb filaments. The metal is produced from the yellow tungsten(VI) oxide,WO3, by reaction with hydrogen. WO3(s) + 3H2(g) → W(s) + 3H2O(g) How many
Acrylonitrile, C3H3N, is the starting material for the production of a kind of synthetic fiber (acrylics). It can be made from propylene, C3H6, by reaction with nitric oxide, NO. 4C3H6(g) + 6NO(g)
The following reaction, depicted using molecular models, is used to make carbon tetrachloride, CCl4, a solvent and starting material for the manufacture of fluorocarbon refrigerants and aerosol
Using the following reaction (depicted using molecular models), large quantities of ammonia are burned in the presence of a platinum catalyst to give nitric oxide, as the first step in the
When dinitrogen pentoxide, N2O5, a white solid, is heated, it decomposes to nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.If a sample of N2O5 produces 1.315 g O2, how many grams of NO2 are formed?
Explain how a chemical equation can be used to relate the masses of different substances involved in a reaction.
Copper metal reacts with nitric acid. Assume that the reaction is 3Cu(s) + 8HNO3(aq) → 3Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(l) If 6.01 g Cu(NO3)2 is eventually obtained, how many grams of nitrogen
Potassium superoxide, KO2, is used in rebreathing gas masks to generate oxygen. 4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l ) → 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g) If a reaction vessel contains 0.25 mol KO2 and 0.15 mol H2O, what is the
Solutions of sodium hypochlorite, NaClO, are sold as a bleach (such as Clorox). They are prepared by the reaction of chlorine with sodium hydroxide. 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) → NaCl(aq) + NaClO(aq) +
Methanol, CH3OH, is prepared industrially from the gasphase catalytic balanced reaction that has been depicted here using molecular models.In a laboratory test, a reaction vessel was filled with 35.4
Carbon disulfide, CS2, burns in oxygen. Complete combustion gives the balanced reaction that has been depicted here using molecular models.Calculate the grams of sulfur dioxide, SO2, produced when a
Titanium, which is used to make airplane engines and frames, can be obtained from titanium(IV) tetrachloride, which in turn is obtained from titanium(IV) dioxide by the following process: 3TiO2(s) +
Hydrogen cyanide, HCN, is prepared from ammonia, air, and natural gas (CH4) by the following process:Hydrogen cyanide is used to prepare sodium cyanide, which is used in part to obtain gold from
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is prepared by heating salicylic acid, C7H6O3, with acetic anhydride, C4H6O3. The other product is acetic acid, C2H4O2. C7H6O3 + C4H6O3 → C9H8O4 + C2H4O2 What is the
Methyl salicylate (oil of wintergreen) is prepared by heating salicylic acid, C7H6O3, with methanol, CH3OH. C7H6O3 + CH3OH → C8H8O3 + H2O In an experiment, 1.50 g of salicylic acid is reacted with
Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee and tea, has the molecular formula C8H10N4O2. Calculate the mass percentage of each element in the substance. Give the answers to three significant figures.
Represent the transfer of electrons from magnesium to oxygen atoms to assume noble-gas configurations. Use Lewis electron-dot symbols.
Write the electron-dot formula of carbon dioxide, CO2.
Write the electron-dot formula of a. The hydronium ion, H3O+; b. The chlorite ion, ClO2.
Describe the bonding in NO3 using resonance formulas.
Sulfur tetrafluoride, SF4, is a colorless gas. Write the electron-dot formula of the SF4 molecule.
Beryllium chloride, BeCl2, is a solid substance consisting of long (essentially infinite) chains of atoms with Cl atoms in bridge positions.However, if the solid is heated, it forms a vapor of BeCl2
Write the Lewis formula that best describes the phosphoric acid molecule, H3PO4.
Use bond energies to estimate the enthalpy change for the combustion of ethylene, C2H4, according to the equation C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Write the electron configuration and the Lewis symbol for Ca2+ and for S2.
Write the electron configuration of Mn2+.
Which has the larger radius, S or S2? Explain.
Without looking at Table 9.3, arrange the following ions in order of increasing ionic radius: Cl, Ca2+, P3. (You may use a periodic table.)
Dichlorodifluoromethane, CCl2F2, is a gas used as a refrigerant and aerosol propellant. Write the Lewis formula for CCl2F2.
The following are electron configurations for some ions. Which ones would you expect to see in chemical compounds? State the concept or rule you used to decide for or against any ion.a. Fe2+
Each of the following may seem, at first glance, to be plausible electron-dot formulas for the molecule N2F2. Most, however, are incorrect for some reason. What concepts or rules apply to each,
Which of the models shown below most accurately represents the hydrogen cyanide molecule, HCN? Write the electron-dot formula that most closely agrees with this model. State any concept or rule you
Describe the formation of a sodium chloride crystal from atoms.

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