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chemistry
organic chemistry

Questions and Answers of Organic Chemistry

You mix equal moles of N2, O2, and NO and place them into a container fitted with a movable piston. Then you heat the mixture to 2127oC, compressing the mixture with the piston to 10.0 atm, where the
Consider the mixture described in the previous problem, but suppose it is heated to 3900oC and compressed to 15.0 atm. Kp at this temperature is 0.0123. What is the equilibrium composition of the
The equilibrium constant Kc for the equationis 1.84 at 425oC. The equilibrium constant Kc for the equationis 49.7 at 458oC. Is this second equation endothermic or exothermic? How do you know?
Consider the reactionWould you expect this reaction to be endothermic or exothermic? Why? N2O4 is a colorless gas; NO2 is red-brown. Would you expect a mixture of these gases to become more or less
List four ways in which the yield of ammonia in the reactioncan be improved for a given amount of H2. Explain the principle behind each way.
A researcher put 0.400 mol PCl3 and 0.600 mol Cl2 into a 5.00-L vessel at a given temperature to produce phosphorus pentachloride, PCl5:What will be the composition of this gaseous mixture at
Ammonium hydrogen sulfide, NH4HS, is unstable at room temperature and decomposes:You have placed some solid ammonium hydrogen sulfide in a closed flask. Which of the following would produce less
A chemist wants to prepare phosgene, COCl2, by the following reaction:He places 4.00 g of chlorine, Cl2, and an equal molar amount of carbon monoxide, CO, into a 10.00-L reaction vessel at 395oC.
Iodine, I2, is a blue-black solid, but it easily vaporizes to give a violet vapor. At high temperatures, this molecular substance dissociates to atoms:An absent-minded professor measured equilibrium
Nitrogen dioxide, NO2, is a red-brown gas that reacts with itself to produce N2O4, a colorless gas:A flask of €œnitrogen dioxide€ gas is actually a mixture of NO2 and N2O4. It is
The following equilibrium was studied by analyzing the equilibrium mixture for the amount of H2S produced.A vessel whose volume was 2.50 L was filled with 0.0100 mol of antimony(III) sulfide, Sb2S3,
The following equilibrium was studied by analyzing the equilibrium mixture for the amount of HCl produced.A vessel whose volume was 1.25 L was filled with 0.0125 mol of lanthanum(III) chloride,
Phosphorus(V) chloride, PCl5, dissociates on heating to give phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl3, and chlorine.A closed 2.00-L vessel initially contains 0.0100 mol PCl5. What is the total pressure at 250C
Antimony(V) chloride, SbCl5, dissociates on heating to give antimony(III) chloride, SbCl3, and chlorine.A closed 3.50-L vessel initially contains 0.0125 mol SbCl5. What is the total pressure at 248oC
Part 1: You run the chemical reactiona. Write the equilibrium-constant expression for the reaction.b. Can you come up with some possible concentrations of C, D, and E that you might observe when the
Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, is a white, partially soluble solid that is used in many antacids. The chemical equation for the dissolving of Mg(OH)2(s) in water is
During an experiment with the Haber process, a researcher put 1 mol N2 and 1 mol H2 into a reaction vessel to observe the equilibrium formation of ammonia, NH3.When these reactants come to
When 1.0 mol each of H2(g) and I2(g) are mixed at a certain high temperature, they react to give a final mixture consisting of 0.5 mol each of H2(g) and I2(g) and 1.0 mol HI(g). Why do you obtain the
Suppose liquid water and water vapor exist in equilibrium in a closed container. If you add a small amount of liquid water to the container, how does this affect the amount of water vapor in the
A mixture initially consisting of 2 mol CO and 2 mol H2 comes to equilibrium with methanol, CH3OH, as the product:At equilibrium, the mixture will contain which of the following? a. less than 1 mol
When a continuous stream of hydrogen gas, H2, passes over hot magnetic iron oxide, Fe3O4, metallic iron and water vapor form. When a continuous stream of water vapor passes over hot metallic iron,
For the reactioncarried out at some fixed temperature, the equilibrium constant is 2.0.a. Which of the following pictures correctly depicts the reaction mixture at equilibrium?b. For the pictures
An experimenter introduces 4.0 mol of gas A into a 1.0-L container at 200 K to form product B according to the reactionUsing the experimenter€™s data (one curve is for A, the other is for
The following reaction is carried out at 500 K in a container equipped with a movable piston.After the reaction has reached equilibrium, the container has the composition depicted here.Suppose the
For the endothermic reactionthe following represents a reaction container at two different temperatures. Which one (I or II) is at the lower temperature?
During the commercial preparation of sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen in an exothermic reaction to produce sulfur trioxide. In this step, sulfur dioxide mixed with oxygen-enriched air
At some temperature, a 100-L reaction vessel contains a mixture that is initially 1.00 mol CO and 2.00 mol H2. The vessel also contains a catalyst so that the following equilibrium isattained:At
A 2.500-mol sample of phosphorus pentachloride, PCl5, dissociates at 160oC and 1.00 atm to give 0.338 mol of phosphorus trichloride, PCl3, at equilibrium.What is the composition of the final reaction
Explain why the equilibrium constant for a gaseous reaction can be written in terms of partial pressures instead of concentrations.
You place 3.00 mol of dinitrogen trioxide, N2O3, into a flask, where it decomposes at 25.0oC and 1.00 atm:What is the composition of the reaction mixture at equilibrium if it contains 0.90 mol of
You place 0.600 mol of nitrogen, N2, and 1.800 mol of hydrogen, H2, into a reaction vessel at 450oC and 10.0 atm. The reaction isWhat is the composition of the equilibrium mixture if you obtain 0.048
Nitrogen monoxide, NO, reacts with bromine, Br2, to give nitrosyl bromide, NOBr.A sample of 0.0524 mol NO with 0.0262 mol Br2 gives an equilibrium mixture containing 0.0311 mol NOBr. What is the
In the contact process, sulfuric acid is manufactured by first oxidizing SO2 to SO3, which is then reacted with water. The reaction of SO2 with O2 isA 2.000-L flask was filled with 0.0400 mol SO2 and
Methanol, CH3OH, formerly known as wood alcohol, is manufactured commercially by the following reaction:A 1.500-L vessel was filled with 0.1500 mol CO and 0.3000 mol H2. When this mixture came to
Write equilibrium-constant expressions Kc for each of the following reactions.
Write equilibrium-constant expressions Kc for each of the following reactions.
The equilibrium-constant expression for a reaction isWhat is the equilibrium-constant expression when the equation for this reaction is halved and then reversed?
Obtain the equilibrium constant for the reactionfrom the following
The equilibrium-constant expression for a reaction isWhat is the equilibrium-constant expression when the equation for this reaction is halved and then reversed?
The equilibrium constant Kc for the equationat 425oC is 1.84. What is the value of Kc for the following equation?
The equilibrium constant Kc for the equationat 900oC is 27.8. What is the value of Kc for the following equation?
A 6.00-L reaction vessel at 491oC contained 0.488 mol H2, 0.206 mol I2, and 2.250 mol HI. Assuming that the substances are at equilibrium, find the value of Kc at 491oC for the reaction of hydrogen
A 4.00-L vessel contained 0.0148 mol of phosphorus trichloride, 0.0126 mol of phosphorus pentachloride, and 0.0870 mol of chlorine at 230oC in an equilibrium mixture. Calculatethe value of Kc for the
Obtain the value of Kc for the following reaction at 900 K:Use the data given in Problem 14.33.
Obtain the value of Kc for the following reaction at 500 K:Use the data given in Problem 14.34.
At 77oC, 2.00 mol of nitrosyl bromide, NOBr, placed in a 1.00-L flask dissociates to the extent of 9.4%; that is, for each mole of NOBr before reaction, (1.000 0.094) mol NOBr remains after
A 2.00-mol sample of nitrogen dioxide was placed in an 80.0-L vessel. At 200oC, the nitrogen dioxide was 6.0% decomposed according to the equationCalculate the value of Kc for this reaction at 200oC.
Write equilibrium-constant expressions Kp for each of the following reactions:
Which of the following reactions involve homogeneous equilibria and which involve heterogeneous equilibria? Explain the difference.
Write equilibrium-constant expressions Kp for each of the following reactions:
The value of Kc for the following reaction at 900oC is 0.28.What is Kp at this temperature?
The equilibrium constant Kc equals 0.0952 for the following reaction at 227oC.What is the value of Kp at this temperature?
The reactionhas Kp equal to 6.55 at 627oC. What is the value of Kc at this temperature?
Fluorine, F2, dissociates into atoms on heating.The value of Kp at 842oC is 7.55 Ã— 102. What is the value of Kc at this temperature?
Write the expression for the equilibrium constant Kc for each of the following equations:
For each of the following equations, give the expression for the equilibrium constant Kc:
Hydrogen fluoride decomposes according to the following equationThe value of Kc at room temperature is 1.0 Ã— 1095. From the magnitude of Kc, do you think the decomposition occurs to any great
Explain why pure liquids and solids can be ignored when writing the equilibrium-constant expression.
Suppose sulfur dioxide reacts with oxygen at 25oC.The equilibrium constant Kc equals 8.0 Ã— 1035 at this temperature. From the magnitude of Kc, do you think this reaction occurs to any
The following reaction has an equilibrium constant Kc equal to 3.07 Ã— 104 at 24oC.For each of the following compositions, decide whether the reaction mixture is at equilibrium. If it is not,
The following reaction has an equilibrium constant Kc equal to 3.59 at 900oC.For each of the following compositions, decide whether the reaction mixture is at equilibrium. If it is not, decide which
Methanol, CH3OH, is manufactured industrially by the reactionA gaseous mixture at 500 K is 0.020 M CH3OH, 0.10 M CO, and 0.10 M H2. What will be the direction of reaction if this mixture goes to
Sulfur trioxide, used to manufacture sulfuric acid, is obtained commercially from sulfur dioxide.The equilibrium constant Kc for this reaction is 4.17 Ã— 102 at 727oC. What is the
Phosgene, COCl2, used in the manufacture of polyurethane plastics, is prepared from CO and Cl2.An equilibrium mixture at 395oC contains 0.012 mol CO and 0.025 mol Cl2 per liter, as well as COCl2. If
Nitrogen monoxide, NO, is formed in automobile exhaust by the reaction of N2 and O2 (from air).The equilibrium constant Kc is 0.0025 at 2127oC. If an equilibrium mixture at this temperature contains
Iodine and bromine react to give iodine monobromide, IBr.What is the equilibrium composition of a mixture at 150oC that initially contained 0.0015 mol each of iodine and bromine in a 5.0-L vessel?
Initially a mixture contains 0.795 mol each of N2 and O2 in an 8.00-L vessel. Find the composition of the mixture when equilibrium is reached at 3900oC. The reaction isand Kc = 0.0123 at 3900oC.
Calculate the composition of the gaseous mixture obtained when 1.25 mol of carbon dioxide is exposed to hot carbon at 800oC in a 1.25-L vessel. The equilibrium constant Kc at 800oC is 14.0 for the
What qualitative information can you get from the magnitude of the equilibrium constant?
The equilibrium constant Kc for the reactionequals 49 at 230oC. If 0.400 mol each of phosphorus trichloride and chlorine are added to a 4.0-L reaction vessel, what is the equilibrium composition of
Suppose 1.000 mol CO and 3.000 mol H2 are put in a 10.00-L vessel at 1200 K. The equilibrium constant Kc forequals 3.92. Find the equilibrium composition of the reaction mixture.
The equilibrium constant Kc for the reactionat 450oC is 0.159. Calculate the equilibrium composition when 1.00 mol N2 is mixed with 3.00 mol H2 in a 5.00-L vessel.
What would you expect to be the effect of an increase of pressure on each of the following reactions? Would the pressure change cause the reaction to go to the right or left?
Use thermochemical data (Appendix C) to decide whether the equilibrium constant for the following reaction will increase or decrease with temperature.
What is the reaction quotient? How is it useful?
Use thermochemical data (Appendix C) to decide whether the equilibrium constant for the following reaction will increase or decrease with temperature.
What would you expect to be the general temperature and pressure conditions for an optimum yield of nitrogen monoxide NO, by the oxidation of ammonia?
Predict the general temperature and pressure conditions for the optimum conversion of ethylene (C2H4) to ethane (C2H6).
A mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and methanol, CH3OH, is at equilibrium according to the equationAt 250oC, the mixture is 0.096 M CO, 0.191 M H2, and 0.015 M CH3OH. What is Kc for this
An equilibrium mixture of SO3, SO2, and O2 at 727oC is 0.0160 M SO3, 0.0056 M SO2, and 0.0021 M O2. What is the value of Kc for the following reaction?
At 850oC and 1.000 atm pressure, a gaseous mixture of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in equilibrium with solid carbon is 90.55% CO by mass.Calculate Kc for this reaction at 850oC.
An equilibrium mixture of dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, and nitrogen dioxide, NO2, is 65.8% NO2 by mass at 1.00 atm pressure and 25oC. Calculate Kc at 25oC for the reaction
A 2.00-L vessel contains 1.00 mol N2, 1.00 mol H2, and 2.00 mol NH3. What is the direction of reaction (forward or reverse) needed to attain equilibrium at 400oC? The equilibrium constant Kc for the
A vessel originally contained 0.200 mol iodine monobromide (IBr), 0.0010 mol I2, and 0.0010 mol Br2. The equilibrium constant Kc for the reactionis 1.2 Ã— 102 at 150oC. What is the direction
A gaseous mixture containing 1.00 mol each of CO, H2O, CO2, and H2 is exposed to a zinc oxide€“copper oxide catalyst at 1000oC. The reaction isand the equilibrium constant Kc is 0.58 at 1000oC.
List the possible ways in which you can alter the equilibrium composition of a reaction mixture.
A 2.0-L reaction flask initially contains 0.10 mol CO, 0.20 mol H2, and 0.50 mol CH3OH (methanol). If this mixture is brought in contact with a zinc oxide€“chromium(III) oxide catalyst, the
Hydrogen bromide dissociates when heated according to the equationThe equilibrium constant Kc equals 1.6 Ã— 102 at 200oC. What are the moles of substances in the equilibrium mixture at
Iodine monobromide, IBr, occurs as brownish-black crystals that vaporize with decomposition:The equilibrium constant Kc at 100oC is 0.026. If 0.010 mol IBr is placed in a 1.0-L vessel at 100oC, what
Phosgene, COCl2, is a toxic gas used in the manufacture of urethane plastics. The gas dissociates at high temperature.At 400oC, the equilibrium constant Kc is 8.05Ã— 104. Find the percentage of
Dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, is a colorless gas (boiling point, 21oC), which dissociates to give nitrogen dioxide, NO2, a reddish brown gas.The equilibrium constant Kc at 25oC is 0.125. What
Suppose you start with a mixture of 1.00 mol CO and 4.00 mol H2 in a 10.00-L vessel. Find the moles of substances present at equilibrium at 1200 K for the reactionYou will get an equation of the form
What are the moles of substances present at equilibrium at 450oC if 1.00 mol N2 and 4.00 mol H2 in a 10.0-L vessel react according to the following equation?The equilibrium constant Kc is 0.153 at
For the reactionshow that Kc = Kp(RT)2 Do not use the formula Kp = Kc(RT)n given in the text. Start from the fact that Pi = [i]RT, where Pi is the partial pressure of substance i and [i] is its
For the reactionlabel each species as an acid or a base. For the base on the left, what is the conjugate acid?
A 0.010 M solution of ammonia, NH3, has a pH of 10.6 at 25οC. What is the concentration of hydroxide ion?
Identify the Lewis acid and the Lewis base in each of the following reactions. Write the chemical equations using electron-dot formulas.a.b. O2 + CO2 †’ CO32
Which member of each of the following pairs is the stronger acid? a. NH3, PH3; b. HI, H2Te; c. HSO3, H2SO3; d. H3AsO4, H3AsO3; e. HSO4, HSeO4
A solution of barium hydroxide at 25οC is 0.125 M Ba(OH)2. What are the concentrations of hydronium ion and hydroxide ion in the solution?
A solution has a hydroxide-ion concentration of 1.0 × 10-5 M at 25οC. Is the solution acidic, neutral, or basic?

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