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engineering
materials science engineering

Questions and Answers of Materials Science Engineering

Because of the amount of handling that occurs during material production, within warehouses, and during manufacturing operations, along with the handling of loading, unloading, and shipping, material
A new meat-processing plant has opened and utilizes an overhead conveyor to move sides of beef (weighing approximately 300 pounds each) through the operation. The sides are suspended on hooks, which
Why might an engineer be concerned with controlling or altering the structure of a material?
Why is the atomic radius of an atom often assigned different values for different crystal structures?
What is the difference between a crystalline material and one with an amorphous structure?
Why is the simple cubic crystal structure not observed in the engineering metals?
What is the efficiency of filling space with spheres in the simple cubic structure? Body centered-cubic structure? Face-centered-cubic structure? Hexagonal close-packed structure?
Describe the difference in ductility observed between the two structures formed by stacking close-packed planes.
What is the most common means of quantifying the grain size of a solid metal?
What is meant by the term microstructure?
How does a metallic crystal respond to low applied loads?
What is a slip system in a material? What types of planes and directions tend to be preferred?
What is a dislocation? How do dislocations determine the mechanical properties of a metal?
What are some of the common barriers to dislocation movement that can be used to strengthen a metal?
What are the three major types of point defects in crystalline materials?
What is the mechanism (or mechanisms) responsible for the observed strain hardening of a metal?
Why is a fine grain size often desired in an engineering metal?
What is an anisotropic property? What is a possible cause?
What is an ion and what are the two varieties?
What is the difference between brittle fracture and ductile fracture?
How does a metal increase its internal energy during plastic deformation?
In what ways can recrystallization be used to enable large amounts of deformation without fear of fracture?
What is the major distinguishing feature between hot and cold working?
What types of structures can be produced when an alloy is added to a base metal?
What structural unit is responsible for the movement of electrical charge in a metal?
What features in a metal structure tend to impede or reduce electrical conductivity?
What properties or characteristics of a material are influenced by the valence electrons?
What are the three types of primary bonds, and what types of atoms do they unite?
What are some general characteristics of ionically bonded materials?
What are some general properties and characteristics of covalently bonded materials?
What are some unique property features of materials bonded by metallic bonds?
Because of your knowledge of engineering materials, a friend has asked for your assistance in evaluating various materials that are used for household window frames. He is in the process of designing
Describe the conditions of complete solubility, partial solubility, and insolubility.
What types of changes occur upon crossing a liquidus line? A solidus line? A solvus line?
What three pieces of information can be obtained for each point in an equilibrium phase diagram?
What is a tie-line? For what types of phase diagram regions would it be useful?
What tool can be used to compute the relative amounts of the component phases in a two-phase mixture? How does this tool work?
What is a cored structure? Under what conditions is it produced?
What features in a phase diagram can be used to identify three-phase reactions?
Why are alloys of eutectic composition attractive for casting and as filler metals in soldering and brazing?
Supplement the examples provided in the text with another example of a single phase that is each of the following: continuous, discontinuous, gaseous, and a liquid solution.
What is a stoichiometric intermetallic compound, and how would it appear in a temperature-composition phase diagram? How would a nonstoichiometric intermetallic compound appear?
In what form(s) might intermetallic compounds be undesirable in an engineering material? In what form(s) might they be attractive?
What are the four single phases in the iron-iron carbide diagram? Answer with both phase diagram notation and assigned name.
What feature in the iron-carbon diagram is used to distinguish between cast irons and steels?
Which of the three-phase reactions in the iron-carbon diagram is most important in understanding the behavior of steels? Write this reaction in terms of the interacting phases and their composition.
Describe the relative ability of iron to dissolve carbon in solution when in the form of austenite (the elevated temperature phase) and when in the form of ferrite at room temperature.
What is pearlite? Describe its structure.
What is a hypoeutectoid steel, and what structure will it assume upon slow cooling? What is a hypereutectoid steel and how will its structure differ from that of a hypoeutectoid?
What is an equilibrium phase diagram?
In addition to iron and carbon, what other element is present in rather large amounts?
What are the two possible high-carbon phases in cast irons? What features tend to favor the formation of each?
What are some of the attractive engineering properties of gray cast iron?
What structural feature is responsible for the increased ductility and fracture resistance of malleable cast iron? How is malleable cast iron produced?
What is unique about the graphite that forms in ductile cast iron?
What requirements of ductile iron manufacture are responsible for its increased cost over materials such as gray cast iron?
Compacted graphite iron has a structure and properties intermediate to what two other types of cast irons?
What features in a cooling curve indicate some form of change in a material's structure?
What is a solubility limit, and how might it be determined?
Select a binary (two-component) phase diagram for a system not discussed in this chapter. Identify each: a. Single phase b. Three phase reaction c. Intermetallic compound
Identify at least one easily identified product or component that is currently being produced from each of the following types of cast irons: a. Gray cast iron b. White cast iron c. Malleable cast
You are an officer in the Western-America Blacksmith Association, and you have determined that a number of your members would like to have a modern equivalent of an 1870-vintage blacksmith anvil.
What are some of the possible objectives of annealing operations?
While full anneals often produce the softest and most ductile structures, what may be some of the objections or undesirable features of these treatments?
Why are the hypereutectoid steels not furnace-cooled from the all-austenite region?
A number of heat treatments have been devised to harden the surfaces of steel and other engineering metals. Consider the processes of a. Flame hardening b. Induction hardening c. Carburizing d.
Investigate the nine areas in Problem 1 for one of the lesser-known surface-modification treatments, such as bonding, chromizing, or similar.
This chapter presented four processing-type heat treatments whose primary objective is to soften, weaken, enhance ductility, or promote machinability. Consider each of the following processes as they
It has been noted that hot oil is a more effective quench than cold oil. Can you explain this apparent contradiction?
Tndustrial sledgehammers are used throughout JCL Indus-1 tries, most having a 15-pound head made of AIS11060 steel. To reduce tool replacement costs, the company machine shop periodically gathers
What is heat treatment?
What is the major process difference between full annealing and normalizing?
What are some of the process heat treatments that can be performed without reaustenitizing the material (heating above the A1 temperature)?
Why is the recrystallization temperature of a metal not a well-defined temperature?
What are the six major mechanisms that can be used to increase the strength of a metal?
What are the three steps in an age-hardening treatment?
What is the difference between natural and artificial aging? Which offers more flexibility? Over which does the engineer have more control?
What is the difference between a coherent precipitate and a distinct second-phase particle?
What is overaging?
What types of heating and cooling conditions are imposed in an I-T or T-T-T diagram? Are they realistic for the processing of commercial items?
Which of the possible steel heat-treatment structures is the result of a diffusionless phase change?
Why is retained austenite an undesirable structure in heat-treated steels?
Why are martensitic structures usually tempered before being put into use? What properties increase during tempering? Which ones decrease?
In what ways is the quench-and-temper heat treatment similar to age hardening? How are the property changes different in the two processes?
What is a C-C-T diagram? Why is it more useful than a T-T-T diagram?
How do the various locations of a Jominy test specimen correlate with cooling rate?
Why should people performing hot forming or welding be aware of the effects of heat treatment?
What conditions are used to standardize the quench in the Jominy test?
What is the assumption that allows the data from a Jominy test to be used to predict the properties of various locations on a manufactured product?
What is hardenability?
What are some of the ways in which a steel product might be hardened to a greater depth?
What are the three stages of liquid quenching?
What are some of the major advantages and disadvantages of a water quench?
Why is an oil quench less likely to produce quench cracks than water or brine?
What are some of the attractive qualities of a polymer of synthetic quench?
Why would the residual stresses in steel be different from the residual stresses in an identically processed aluminum part?
What is the major goal of the processing heat treatments? Cite some of the specific objectives that may be sought.
What are some of the potentially undesirable effects of residual stresses?
Describe several techniques that reduce residual stresses by enabling the volumetric changes to occur simultaneously throughout the part.
What are some of the attractive features of surface hardening with a laser beam?

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