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mechanical engineering

Questions and Answers of Mechanical Engineering

An engineer has proposed mixing extra oxygen with normal air in internal combustion engines to control some of the exhaust products. If an additional 5 percent (by volume) of oxygen is mixed with
A rigid tank that contains 2 kg of N2 at 25oC and 550 kPa is connected to another rigid tank that contains 4 kg of O2 at 25o and 150 kPa. The valve connecting the two tanks is opened, and the two
A mixture of gases consists of 0.4 kg of oxygen, 0.7 kg of carbon dioxide, and 0.2 kg of helium. This mixture is maintained at 100 kPa and 27oC. Determine the apparent molecular weight of this
A mixture of hydrocarbon gases is composed of 60 percent methane, 25 percent propane, and 15 percent butane by weight. Determine the volume occupied by 100 kg of this mixture when its pressure is 3
A rigid tank contains 8 kmol of O2 and 10 kmol of CO2 gases at 290 K and 150 kPa. Estimate the volume of the tank.
Repeat Prob. 13-35 for a temperature of 400 K. Prob. 13-35 A rigid tank contains 8 kmol of O2 and 10 kmol of CO2 gases at 290 K and 150 kPa. Estimate the volume of the tank.
A 30 percent (by mass) ethane and 70 percent methane mixture is to be blended in a 100-m3 tank at 130 kPa and 25oC. If the tank is initially evacuated, to what pressure should ethane be added before
A mixture is 35 percent by volume liquid water, whose density is 62.4 lbm/ft3, that is mixed with another fluid, whose density is 50.0 lbm/ft3. What is the specific weight, in lbf/ft3, of this
A mixture of air and methane is formed in the inlet manifold of a natural gas-fueled internal combustion engine. The mole fraction of the methane is 15 percent. This engine is operated at 3000 rpm
Natural gas (95 percent methane and 5 percent ethane by volume) flows through a 36-in-diameter pipeline with a velocity of 10 ft/s. The pressure in the pipeline is 100 psia, and the temperature is
A gaseous mixtures consists of 75 percent methane and 25 percent ethane by mass. One million cubic feet of this mixture is trapped in a geological formation as natural gas at 300oF and 2000 psia.
The volumetric analysis of a mixture of gases is 30 percent oxygen, 40 percent nitrogen, 10 percent carbon dioxide, and 20 percent methane. This mixture flows through a 1.6-cm-diameter pipe at 8000
A rigid tank contains 1 lbmol of argon gas at 400 R and 750 psia. A valve is now opened, and 3 lbmol of N2 gas is allowed to enter the tank at 340 R and 1200 psia. The final mixture temperature is
The volumetric analysis of mixture of gases is 30 percent oxygen, 40 percent nitrogen, 10 percent carbon dioxide, and 20 percent methane. This mixture is heated from 20oC to 200oC while flowing
A process requires a mixture that is 21 percent oxygen, 78 percent nitrogen, and 1 percent argon by volume. All three gases are supplied from separate tanks to an adiabatic, constant-pressure mixing
A mixture of helium and nitrogen with a nitrogen mass fraction of 35 percent is contained in a piston-cylinder device arranged to maintain a fixed pressure of 100 psia. Determine the work produced,
A mixture that is 20 percent carbon dioxide, 10 percent oxygen, and 70 percent nitrogen by volume undergoes a process from 300 K and 100 kPa to 500 K and 400 kPa. Determine the makeup of the mixture
A 0.9-m3 rigid tank is divided into two equal compartments by a partition. One compartment contains Ne at 20oC and 100 kPa, and the other compartment contains Ar at 50oC and 200 kPa. Now the
Repeat Prob. 13-54 for a heat loss of 8 kJ. Prob. 13-54 A 0.9-m3 rigid tank is divided into two equal compartments by a partition. One compartment contains Ne at 20oC and 100 kPa, and the other
The mass fractions of a mixture of gases are 15 percent nitrogen, 5 percent helium, 60 percent methane, and 20 percent ethane. This mixture is enclosed in a 4 m3 rigid, well-insulated vessel at 150
An insulated tank that contains 1 kg of O2 at 15oC and 300 kPa is connected to a 2-m3 uninsulated tank that contains N2 at 50oC and 500 kPa. The valve connecting the two tanks is opened, and the two
Reconsider Prob. 13-57. Using EES (or other) software, compare the results obtained assuming ideal-gas behavior with constant specific heats at the average temperature, and using real-gas data
A mixture of hydrocarbon gases is composed of 60 percent methane, 25 percent propane, and 15 percent butane by weight. This mixture is compressed from 100 kPa and 20oC to 1000 kPa in a reversible,
Using the definitions of mass and mole fractions, derive a relation between them.
An equimolar mixture of helium and argon gases is to be used as the working fluid in a closed-loop gas-turbine cycle. The mixture enters the turbine at 2.5 MPa and 1300 K and expands isentropically
The gas passing through the turbine of a simple ideal Brayton cycle has the volumetric composition 20 percent nitrogen, 5 percent oxygen, 40 percent carbon dioxide, and 35 percent water. Calculate
How does the thermal efficiency of the cycle in Prob. 13-61E compare to that predicted by air standard analysis? Prob. 13-61E The gas passing through the turbine of a simple ideal Brayton cycle has
A gaseous mixture consists of 75 percent methane and 25 percent ethane by mass. 2 million cubic feet of this mixture is trapped in a geological formation as natural gas at 300oF and 1300 psia. This
A mixture of 65 percent N2 and 35 percent CO2 gases (on a mass basis) enters the nozzle of a turbojet engine at 60 psia and 1400 R with a low velocity and it expands to a pressure of 12 psia. If the
Reconsider Prob. 13-64E. Using EES (or other) software, first solve the stated problem and then, for all other conditions being the same, resolve the problem to determine the composition of the
A piston-cylinder device contains a mixture of 0.8 kg of H2 and 1.2 kg of N2 at 100 kPa and 300 K. Heat is now transferred to the mixture at constant pressure until the volume is doubled. Assuming
Ethane (C2H6) at 15oC and 300 kPa and methane (CH4) at 60oC and 300 kPa enter an adiabatic mixing chamber. The mass flow rate of ethane is 6 kg/s, which is twice the mass flow rate of methane.
Reconsider Prob. 13-67. Using EES (or other) software, determine the effect of the mass fraction of methane in the mixture on the mixture temperature and the rate of energy destruction. The total
In an air-liquefaction plant, it is proposed that the pressure and temperature of air that is initially at 1500 psia and 40oF be adiabatically reduced to 15 psia and - 100oF. Using Kay's rule and the
Consider a mixture of two gases A and B. Show that when the mass fractions mfA and mfB are known, the mole fractions can be determined fromwhere MA and MB are the molar masses of A and B.
A piston-cylinder device contains 6 kg of H2 and 21 kg of N2 at 160 K and 5 MPa. Heat is now transferred to the device, and the mixture expands at constant pressure until the temperature rises to 200
Determine the total entropy change and energy destruction associated with the process described in Prob. 13-70 by treating the mixture (a) As an ideal gas. (b) As a non ideal gas and using Amagat's
Two mass streams of two different ideal gases are mixed in a steady-flow chamber while receiving energy by heat transfer from the surroundings. The mixing process takes place at constant pressure
A 2-L liquid at 20oC is mixed with 3 L of another liquid at the same temperature and pressure in an adiabatic container, forming a homogeneous liquid solution. Someone claims that the temperature of
What is an ideal solution? Comment on the volume change, enthalpy change, entropy change, and chemical potential change during the formation of ideal and nonideal solutions.
Brackish water at 18oC with total dissolved solid content of TDS = 780 ppm (a salinity of 0.078 percent on mass basis) is to be used to produce fresh water with negligible salt content at a rate of
A river is discharging into the ocean at a rate of 150,000 m3/s. Determine the amount of power that can be generated if the river water mixes with the ocean water reversibly. Take the salinity of the
Reconsider Prob. 13-78. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the salinity of the ocean on the maximum power generated. Let the salinity vary from 0 to 5 percent. Plot the power
The composition of moist air is given on a molar basis to be 78 percent N2, 20 percent O2, and 2 percent water vapor. Determine the mass fractions of the constituents of air.
Fresh water is to be obtained from brackish water at 65oF with a salinity of 0.12 percent on mass basis (or TDS = 1200 ppm). Determine (a) The mole fractions of the water and the salts in the
A desalination plant produces fresh water from seawater at 10oC with a salinity of 3.2 percent on mass basis at a rate of 1.4m3/s while consuming 8.5 MW of power. The salt content of the fresh water
Fresh water is obtained from seawater at a rate of 1.5m3/s by a desalination plant that consumes 11.5 MW of power and has a second-law efficiency of 20 percent. Determine the power that can be
Is it possible for an adiabatic liquid-vapor separator to separate wet steam at 100 psia and 90 percent quality, so that the pressure of the outlet streams is greater than 100 psia?
An ideal gas mixture approximation to the makeup of dry air on a percent by volume basis at 100 kPa is as follows: 78 percent N2, 21 percent O2, and 1 percent Ar. Determine the mole fractions, mass
The products of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel and air are composed of 8 kmol CO2, 9 kmol H2O, 4 kmol O2, and 94 kmol N2. If the mixture pressure is 101 kPa, determine the partial pressure of the
A pipe fitted with a closed valve connects two tanks. One tank contains a 5-kg mixture of 62.5 percent CO2 and 37.5 percent O2 on a mole basis at 30oC and 125 kPa. The second tank contains 10 kg of
A piston-cylinder device contains products of combustion from the combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel with air. The combustion process results in a mixture that has the composition on a volume basis as
A mixture of gases consists of 0.1 kg of oxygen, 1 kg of carbon dioxide, and 0.5 kg of helium. This mixture is compressed to 17,500 kPa and 20oC. Determine the mass of this gas contained in a 0.3 m3
A gas mixture consists of O2 and N2. The ratio of the mole numbers of N2 to O2 is 3:1. This mixture is heated during a steady-flow process from 180 to 210 K at a constant pressure of 8 MPa. Determine
A gas mixture has the following composition on a mole basis: 60 percent N2 and 40 percent CO2. Determine the gravimetric analysis of the mixture, its molar mass, and gas constant.
Reconsider Prob. 13-89. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the mole fraction of oxygen in the mixture on heat transfer using real-gas behavior with EES data. Let the mole
Determine the total entropy change and energy destruction associated with the process described in Prob. 13-89, using(a) The ideal-gas approximation.(b) Kay's rule. Assume constant specific heats and
A mixture of ideal gases has a specific heat ratio of k = 1.35 and an apparent molecular weight of M = 32 kg/ kmol. Determine the work, in kJ/kg, required to compress this mixture isentropically in a
A spring-loaded piston-cylinder device contains a mixture of gases whose pressure fractions are 25 percent Ne, 50 percent O2, and 25 percent N2. The piston diameter and spring are selected for this
The piston-cylinder device of Prob. 13-93 is filled with a mixture whose mass is 55 percent nitrogen and 45 percent carbon dioxide. Initially, this mixture is at 200 kPa and 45oC. The gas is heated
Calculate the total work and heat transfer required to triple the initial pressure of the mixture of Prob. 13-94 as it is heated in the spring-loaded piston-cylinder device.
A rigid tank contains a mixture of 4 kg of He and 8 kg of O2 at 170 K and 7 MPa. Heat is now transferred to the tank, and the mixture temperature rises to 220 K. Treating the He as an ideal gas and
The mass fractions of a mixture of gases are 15 percent nitrogen, 5 percent helium, 60 percent methane; and 20 percent ethane. This mixture is expanded from 200 psia and 400oF to 15 psia in an
Using EES (or other) software, write a program to determine the mole fractions of the components of a mixture of three gases with known molar masses when the mass fractions are given, and to
Using EES (or other) software, write a program to determine the apparent gas constant, constant volume specific heat, and internal energy of a mixture of three ideal gases when the mass fractions and
Why are the chilled water lines always wrapped with vapor barrier jackets?
Two airstreams are mixed steadily and adiabatically. The first stream enters at 35oC and 30 percent relative humidity at a rate of 15 m3/min, while the second stream enters at 12oC and 90 percent
Repeat Prob. 14-100 for a total mixing-chamber pressure of 90 kPa.Prob. 14-100Two airstreams are mixed steadily and adiabatically. The first stream enters at 35oC and 30 percent relative humidity at
A stream of warm air with a dry-bulb temperature of 36oC and a wet-bulb temperature of 30oC is mixed adiabatically with a stream of saturated cool air at 12oC. The dry air mass flow rates of the warm
Reconsider Prob. 14-102. Using EES (or other) software, determine the effect of the mass flow rate of saturated cool air stream on the mixture temperature, specific humidity, and relative humidity.
Saturated humid air at 1 atm and 50oF is to be mixed with atmospheric air at 1 atm, 90oF, and 80 percent relative humidity, to form air at 70oF. Determine the proportions at which these two streams
How does a natural-draft wet cooling tower work?
The cooling water from the condenser of a power plant enters a wet cooling tower at 40oC at a rate of 90 kg/s. The water is cooled to 25oC in the cooling tower by air that enters the tower at 1 atm,
The cooling water from the condenser of a power plant enters a wet cooling tower at 110oF at a rate of 100lbm/s. Water is cooled to 80oF in the cooling tower by air that enters the tower at 1 atm,
A wet cooling tower is to cool 60 kg/s of water from 40 to 33oC. Atmospheric air enters the tower at 1 atm with dryand wet-bulb temperatures of 22 and 16oC, respectively, and leaves at 30oC with a
A tank contains 15 kg of dry air and 0.17 kg of water vapor at 30oC and 100 kPa total pressure. Determine (a) The specific humidity, (b) The relative humidity, and (c) The volume of the tank.
A wet cooling tower is to cool 25 kg/s of cooling water from 40 to 30oC at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 96 kPa. Atmospheric air enters the tower at 20oC and 70 percent relative
Water enters a cooling tower at 958F and at a rate of 3 lbm/s and leaves at 80oF. Humid air enters this tower at 1 atm and 65oF with a relative humidity of 30 percent and leaves at 75oF with relative
How much work potential, in Btu/lbm dry air, is lost in the cooling tower of Prob. 14-111E. Take T0 = 65oF.
Dry air whose molar analysis is 78.1 percent N2, 20.9 percent O2, and 1 percent Ar flows over a water body until it is saturated. If the pressure and temperature of air remain constant at 1 atm and
The relative humidity of air at 80oF and 14.7 psia is increased from 25 to 75 percent during a humidification process at constant temperature and pressure. Determine the percent error involved in
The condensation of the water vapor in compressedair lines is a major concern in industrial facilities, and the compressed air is often dehumidified to avoid the problems associated with
The capacity of evaporative coolers is usually expressed in terms of the flow rate of air in ft3/min (or cfm), and a practical way of determining the required size of an evaporative cooler for an
A cooling tower with a cooling capacity of 30 tons (105 kW) is claimed to evaporate 4000 kg of water per day. Is this a reasonable claim?
The air-conditioning costs of a house can be reduced by up to 10 percent by installing the outdoor unit (the condenser) of the air conditioner at a location shaded by trees and shrubs. If the
The thermostat setting of a house can be lowered by 2oF by wearing a light long-sleeved sweater or by 4oF by wearing a heavy long-sleeved sweater for the same level of comfort. If each oF reduction
Repeat Prob. 14-11 for a temperature of 20oC. Prob. 14-11 A tank contains 15 kg of dry air and 0.17 kg of water vapor at 30oC and 100 kPa total pressure. Determine (a) The specific humidity. (b) The
A typical winter day in Moscow has a temperature of 0oC and a relative humidity of 40 percent. What is the relative humidity inside a dacha that has air that has been heated to 18oC?
The relative humidity inside dacha of Prob. 14-120 is to be brought to 50 percent by evaporating water at 20oC. How much heat, in kJ, is required for this purpose per m3 of air in the dacha?
During a summer day in Phoenix, Arizona, the air is at 1 atm, 110oF, and 15 percent relative humidity. Water at 70oF is evaporated into this air to produce air at 75oF and 80 percent relative
If the system of Prob. 14-122E is operated as an adiabatic system and the air produced by this system has a relative humidity of 70 percent, what is the temperature of the air produced?Prob.
A 1.8-m3 tank contains saturated air at 20oC and 90 kPa. Determine (a) The mass of the dry air. (b) The specific humidity. (c) The enthalpy of the air per unit mass of the dry air.
Reconsider Prob. 14-124. Using EES (or other) software, determine the properties of the air at the initial state. Study the effect of heating the air at constant volume until the pressure is 110 kPa.
Air at 15 psia, 60oF, and 70 percent relative humidity flows in an 6-in diameter duct at a velocity of 35 ft/s. Determine (a) The dew-point temperature. (b) The volume flow rate of air. (c) The mass
Air flows steadily through an isentropic nozzle. The air enters the nozzle at 35oC, 200 kPa and 50 percent relative humidity. If no condensation is to occur during the expansion process, determine
Air enters a cooling section at 97 kPa, 35oC, and 30 percent relative humidity at a rate of 6m3/min, where it is cooled until the moisture in the air starts condensing. Determine (a) The temperature
Outdoor air enters an air-conditioning system at 10oC and 70 percent relative humidity at a steady rate of 26m3/min, and it leaves at 25oC and 55 percent relative humidity. The outdoor air is first
A room contains air at 20oC and 98 kPa at a relative humidity of 85 percent. Determine (a) The partial pressure of dry air. (b) The specific humidity of the air. (c) The enthalpy per unit mass of dry
Humid air at 101.3 kPa, 36oC dry bulb and 65 percent relative humidity is cooled at constant pressure to a temperature 10oC below its dew-point temperature. Sketch the psychrometric diagram for the
Air enters an air-conditioning system that uses refrigerant-134a at 30oC and 70 percent relative humidity at a rate of 4m3/min. The refrigerant enters the cooling section at 700 kPa with a quality of

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