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engineering
mechanical engineering

Questions and Answers of Mechanical Engineering

Consider the isentropic flow of a fluid through a converging-diverging nozzle with a subsonic velocity at the throat. How does the diverging section affect (a) The velocity, (b) The pressure, and
What would happen if we attempted to decelerate a supersonic fluid with a diverging diffuser?
Nitrogen enters a converging-diverging nozzle at 700 kPa and 400 K with a negligible velocity. Determine the critical velocity, pressure, temperature, and density in the nozzle.
For an ideal gas obtain an expression for the ratio of the speed of sound where Ma = 1 to the speed of sound based on the stagnation temperature, c*/c0.
Air enters a converging-diverging nozzle at 1.2 MPa with a negligible velocity. Approximating the flow as isentropic, determine the back pressure that would result in an exit Mach number of 1.8.
Air enters a nozzle at 30 psia, 630 R, and a velocity of 450 ft/s. Approximating the flow as isentropic, determine the pressure and temperature of air at a location where the air velocity equals the
Calculate the stagnation temperature and pressure for the following substances flowing through a duct: (a) Helium at 0.25 MPa, 500C, and 240 m/s; (b) Nitrogen at 0.15 MPa, 500C, and 300 m/s; and
An ideal gas flows through a passage that first converges and then diverges during an adiabatic, reversible, steady-flow process. For subsonic flow at the inlet, sketch the variation of pressure,
Repeat Prob. 17-60 for supersonic flow at the inlet. Prob. 17-60 An ideal gas flows through a passage that first converges and then diverges during an adiabatic, reversible, steady-flow process. For
Explain why the maximum flow rate per unit area for a given ideal gas depends only on P0For an ideal gas with k = 1.4 and R = 0.287 kJ/kg·K, find the constant a such that m # /A*
An ideal gas with k = 1.4 is flowing through a nozzle such that the Mach number is 1.8 where the flow area is 36 cm2. Approximating the flow as isentropic, determine the flow area at the location
Repeat Prob. 17-63 for an ideal gas with k = 1.33. Prob. 17-63 An ideal gas with k = 1.4 is flowing through a nozzle such that the Mach number is 1.8 where the flow area is 36 cm2. Approximating the
Air enters a converging-diverging nozzle of a supersonic wind tunnel at 150 psia and 1008F with a low velocity. The flow area of the test section is equal to the exit area of the nozzle, which is =
Air enters a nozzle at 0.5 MPa, 420 K, and a velocity of 110 m/s. Approximating the flow as isentropic, determine the pressure and temperature of air at a location where the air velocity equals the
Repeat Prob. 17-66 assuming the entrance velocity is negligible. Prob. 17-66 Air enters a nozzle at 0.5 MPa, 420 K, and a velocity of 110 m/s. Approximating the flow as isentropic, determine the
Air at 900 kPa and 400 K enters a convergingnozzle with a negligible velocity. The throat area of the nozzle is 10 cm2. Approximating the flow as isentropic, calculate and plot the exit pressure, the
Reconsider Prob. 17-68. Using EES (or other) software, solve the problem for the inlet conditions of 0.8 MPa and 1200 K. Prob. 17-68. Air at 900 kPa and 400 K enters a convergingnozzle with a
Determine the stagnation temperature and stagnation pressure of air that is flowing at 36 kPa, 238 K, and 325 m/s.
Are the isentropic relations of ideal gases applicable for flows across (a) Normal shock waves, (b) Oblique shock waves, and (c) Prandtl-Meyer expansion waves?
What do the states on the Fanno line and the Rayleigh line represent? What do the intersection points of these two curves represent?
It is claimed that an oblique shock can be analyzed like a normal shock provided that the normal component of velocity (normal to the shock surface) is used in the analysis. Do you agree with this
How does the normal shock affect (a) The fluid velocity, (b) The static temperature, (c) The stagnation temperature, (d)The static pressure, and (e) The stagnation pressure?
How do oblique shocks occur? How do oblique shocks differ from normal shocks?
For an oblique shock to occur, does the upstream flow have to be supersonic? Does the flow downstream of an oblique shock have to be subsonic?
Can the Mach number of a fluid be greater than 1 after a normal shock wave? Explain.
Consider supersonic airflow approaching the nose of a two-dimensional wedge and experiencing an oblique shock. Under what conditions does an oblique shock detach from the nose of the wedge and form a
Consider supersonic flow impinging on the rounded nose of an aircraft. Is the oblique shock that forms in front of the nose an attached or a detached shock? Explain.
Can a shock wave develop in the converging section of a converging-diverging nozzle? Explain.
Steam flows through a device with a stagnation pressure of 120 psia, a stagnation temperature of 7008F, and a velocity of 900 ft/s. Assuming ideal-gas behavior, determine the static pressure and
Air enters a normal shock at 26 kPa, 230 K, and 815 m/s. Calculate the stagnation pressure and Mach number upstream of the shock, as well as pressure, temperature, velocity, Mach number, and
Calculate the entropy change of air across the normal shock wave in Problem 17-80 Problem 17-80 Air enters a normal shock at 26 kPa, 230 K, and 815 m/s. Calculate the stagnation pressure and Mach
For an ideal gas flowing through a normal shock, develop a relation for V2/V1 in terms of k, Ma1, and Ma2.
Air enters a converging-diverging nozzle with low velocity at 2.0 MPa and 1008C. If the exit area of the nozzle is 3.5 times the throat area, what must the back pressure be to produce a normal shock
What must the back pressure be in Prob. 17-83 for a normal shock to occur at a location where the cross-sectional area is twice the throat area? Prob. 17-83 Air enters a converging-diverging nozzle
Air flowing steadily in a nozzle experiences a normal shock at a Mach number of Ma = 2.5. If the pressure and temperature of air are 10.0 psia and 440.5 R, respectively, upstream of the shock,
Using EES (or other) software, study the effects of both air and helium flowing steadily in a nozzle when there is a normal shock at a Mach number in the range 2< , Ma1
Air enters a converging-diverging nozzle of a supersonic wind tunnel at 1 MPa and 300 K with a low velocity. If a normal shock wave occurs at the exit plane of the nozzle at Ma =2.4, determine the
Using EES (or other) software, calculate andplot the entropy change of air across the normal shock for upstream Mach numbers between 0.5 and 1.5 in increments of 0.1. Explain why normal shock waves
Consider supersonic airflow approaching the nose of a two-dimensional wedge at a Mach number of 5. Using Fig. 17-43, Determine the minimum shock angle and the maximum deflection angle a straight
Air enters a compressor with a stagnation pressure of 100 kPa and a stagnation temperature of 350C, and it is compressed to a stagnation pressure of 900 kPa. Assuming the compression process to be
Air flowing at 32 kPa, 240 K, and Ma1 = 3.6 is forced to undergo an expansion turn of 150. Determine the Mach number, pressure, and temperature of air after the expansion.
Consider the supersonic flow of air at upstream conditions of 70 kPa and 260 K and a Mach number of 2.4 over a two-dimensional wedge of half-angle 108. If the axis of the wedge is tilted 250 with
Reconsider Prob. 17-91. Determine the downstream Mach number, pressure, and temperature below the wedge for a strong oblique shock for an upstream Mach number of 5.Prob. 17-91Consider the supersonic
Air at 12 psia, 308F, and a Mach number of 2.0 is forced to turn upward by a ramp that makes an 88 angle off the flow direction. As a result, a weak oblique shock forms. Determine the wave angle,
Air flowing at 8 psia, 480 R, and Ma1 5 2.0 is forced to undergo a compression turn of 158. Determine the Mach number, pressure, and temperature of air after the compression.
Air flowing at 60 kPa, 240 K, and a Mach number of 3.4 impinges on a two-dimensional wedge of half-angle 88. Determine the two possible oblique shock angles, bweak and bstrong, that could be formed
Air flowing steadily in a nozzle experiences a normal shock at a Mach number of Ma = 2.6. If the pressure and temperature of air are 58 kPa and 270 K, respectively, upstream of the shock, calculate
Calculate the entropy changes of air and helium across the normal shock wave in Prob. 17-96. Air flowing steadily in a nozzle experiences a normal shock at a Mach number of Ma = 2.6. If the pressure
What is the effect of heating the fluid on the flow velocity in subsonic Rayleigh flow? Answer the same questions for supersonic Rayleigh flow.
On a T-s diagram of Rayleigh flow, what do the points on the Rayleigh line represent?
What are the two main methods of tackling the concern over the depletion of fossil fuels and pollutant and greenhouse emissions associated by their combustion?
Define absorptivity, transmissivity, and reflectivity of a surface for solar radiation. What is the relationship between them for opaque surfaces?
Consider two cars with one using ethanol and the other using biodiesel as the fuel. For a given full tank of liquid fuel, which car gets more mileage? Why?
Consider two cars with one using petroleum diesel and the other using biodiesel as the fuel. For a given full tank of liquid fuel, which car gets more mileage? Why? Also, compare the two fuels in
What are the main constituents of biogas? What are the sources of biogas?
What is municipal solid waste (MSW)? List some of the components of MSW. Are industrial, hazardous, and construction waste considered as MSW?
What is the difference between recycling and composting?
Describe waste to energy (WTE) and landfillgas- energy (LFGTE) options for producing electricity from municipal solid waste.
In the production of ethanol, the feedstock high in sugar content is first converted to sugar, and the sugar (glucose) is fermented into ethanol through the reaction C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2.
A 2.4-L gasoline fuelled internal combustion engine produces a maximum power of 200 hp when the fuel is burned stoichiometrically with air. The thermal efficiency of the engine at this maximum power
A homeowner is currently using a natural gas furnace for heating the house in winter but he is considering replacing this system with a furnace burning wood pellets. The homeowner currently pays an
10 tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) is burned directly in a boiler to generate saturated steam at 200oC. Water enters the boiler at 20oC. The heating value of MSW is 18,000kJ/kg and the boiler
A solar collector provides the hot water needs of a family for a period of 8 months except for four months of winter season. The collector supplies hot water at an average temperature of 60oC and the
Two concentrating collectors (collector A and collector B) have the same concentration factor of CR = 7 and the optical efficiency of ηar = 0.88. The collector temperature for both collectors is
The cost of Solar 1 plant in California with a capacity of 10 MW was estimated to be $14,000/kW. If electricity generated is sold at a price of $0.09/kWh, how long will it take for this plant to pay
Miami, FL or Atlanta, GA are considered for the installation of a solar power plant utilizing parabolic trough collectors. The total area of the collectors is 300,000 m2 and the average efficiency of
A homeowner decides to install photovoltaic cell system on the roof of his house to meet the electricity needs of the house. The capacity of the solar system is 6 kW and the cost of solar cells is
Consider two locations (location A and B) with average wind velocity of 9 m/s for location A and 6 m/s for location B. If two wind turbines with the same characteristics are to be installed at both
An investor is at install a total of 40 identical wind turbines in a location with an average wind speed of 7.2 m/s. The blade diameter of each turbine is 18 m and the average overall wind turbine
A school currently pays $23,000 a year for the electricity it uses at a unit price of $0.11/kWh. The school management decides to install a wind turbine with a blade diameter of 20 m and an average
Reconsider Prob. 18-117. If the school management goes for a larger turbine with a blade diameter of 30 m, what is the required average velocity of wind? Prob. 18-117 A school currently pays $23,000
A village with 55 households currently spends $4600 for electricity per month at a rate of $0.12/kWh. To meet electricity needs of the village, an engineer proposes to convert mechanical energy of a
What is the difference between the operation of a thermosyphon solar water heater system and an active, closed loop solar water heater?
An investor is to build a hydroelectric power plant if the plant can pay for itself in 5 years. The total cost of the plant including the dam is $24 millions. The plant will consist of 10 identical
Geothermal water enters a flash chamber at a temperature of 210oC as a saturated liquid. The pressure of water is decreased to 600 kPa at the exit of the flash chamber. Determine the temperature and
Reconsider Prob. 18-121. The flow rate of geothermal water at the flash chamber inlet is 50 kg/s. The vapor resulting from the flashing process is routed to a steam turbine whose isentropic
A single-flash geothermal power plant uses geothermal liquid water at 150oC at a rate of 420 kg/s as the heat source, and produces 15.8 MW of net power in an environment at 1 atm and 25oC. Determine
A certain biogas consists of 65 percent methane (CH4) and 35 percent carbon dioxide (CO2) by volume. If the higher heating value of methane is 55,200kJ/kg, what is the higher heating value of this
Solar radiation is incident on a flat-plate collector at a rate of 450 W/m2. The product of transmissivity and absorptivity is τα = 0.85 and the heat loss coefficient of the collector is 4.5
Solar radiation is incident on a flat-plate collector at a rate of 600 W/m2. The glazing has a transmissivity of 0.85 and the absorptivity of absorber plate is 0.92. The heat loss coefficient of the
Solar energy is not available during nighttime and cloudy days, and solar hot water collectors may not be able to provide hot water during these periods. How can this problem of solar collectors be
A solar-power-tower plant produces 450 kW of power when solar radiation is incident at a rate of 1050 W/m2. If the efficiency of this solar plant is 17 percent, the total collector area receiving
In a solar pond, the water temperature is 40oC near the surface and 90oC near the bottom of the pond. The maximum thermal efficiency a solar pond power plant can have is (a) 13.8% (b) 17.5% (c)
In a solar cell, the load voltage is 0.5 V and the load current density is determined to be 80 A/m2. If the solar irradiation is 650 W/m2, the cell efficiency is (a) 4.7% (b) 6.2% (c) 7.8% (d)
The power potential of a wind turbine at a wind speed of 5 m/s is 50 kW. The power potential of the same turbine at a velocity of 8 m/s is (a) 80 kW (b) 128 kW (c) 180 kW (d) 205 kW (e) 242 kW
Wind is blowing through a turbine at a velocity of 7 m/s. The turbine blade diameter is 25 m and the density of air is 1.15 kg/m3. The power potential of the turbine is (a) 180 kW (b) 153 kW (c) 131
The power potential of a wind turbine at a wind speed of 5 m/s is 100 kW. The blade diameter of this turbine is 40 m. The power potential of a similar turbine with a blade diameter of 60 m at the
Wind is blowing through a turbine at a velocity of 9 m/s. The turbine blade diameter is 35 m. The air is at 95 kPa and 20oC. If the power output from the turbine is 115 kW, the efficiency of the
A turbine is placed at the bottom of a 70-m-high water body. Water flows through the turbine at a rate of 15m3/s. The power potential of the turbine is (a) 10.3 MW (b) 8.8 MW (c) 7.6 MW (d) 7.1
The efficiency of a hydraulic turbine-generator unit is specified to be 85 percent. If the generator efficiency is 96 percent, the turbine efficiency is (a) 0.816 (b) 0.850 (c) 0.862 (d) 0.885 (e)
A hydraulic turbine is used to generate power by using the water in a dam. The elevation difference between the free surfaces upstream and downstream of the dam is 120 m. The water is supplied to the
Under what conditions is the efficiency of a flat-plate solar collector maximum? Compare maximum efficiencies of unglazed, single-glazing, and double-glazing flat-plate solar collectors. Which one
The maximum thermal efficiency of a power plant using a geothermal source at 180oC in an environment at 25oC is (a) 43.1% (b) 34.2% (c) 19.5% (d) 86.1% (e) 12.7%
Geothermal liquid water is available at a site at 150oC at a rate of 10 kg/s in an environment at 20oC. The maximum amount of power that can be produced from this site is (a) 606 kW (b) 692 kW (c)
A binary geothermal power plant produces 5 MW power using a geothermal resource at 175oC at a rate of 110 kg/s. If the temperature of geothermal water is decreased to 90oC in the heat exchanger after
A certain biogas consists of 75 percent methane (CH4) and 25 percent carbon dioxide (CO2) by volume. If the higher heating value of methane is 55,200kJ/kg, the higher heating value of this biogas
Consider 100 kg of sugar beet roots whose sugar content represents 15 percent of total mass. The sugar is converted into ethanol through the reaction C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2. The amount of
What are the advantages of concentrating collector compared to flat-plate solar collector?
How is the efficiency of a solar system used to sproduce electricity defined?
Describe the operation of a solar pond power plant. What is the main disadvantage of this system?

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