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engineering
mechanical engineering

Questions and Answers of Mechanical Engineering

(a) 1000 K(b) 2000 K. How do these compare to the equilibrium constants of Table A-28?
Carbon dioxide is commonly produced through the reaction C + O2 CO2. Determine the yield of carbon dioxide (mole fraction) when this is done in a reactor maintained at 1 atm and 3800 K. The natural
A gaseous mixture of 30 percent (by mole fraction) methane and 70 percent carbon dioxide is heated at 1 atm pressure to 1200 K. What is the equilibrium composition (by mole fraction) of the resulting
Determine the composition of the products of the disassociation reaction CO2 ï€ CO + O when the products are at 1 atm and 2500 K.
The reaction N2 + O2 2NO occurs in internal combustion engines. Determine the equilibrium mole fraction of NO when the pressure is 101 kPa and the temperature is 1800 K.
A reaction chamber contains a mixture of CO2, CO, and O2 in equilibrium at a specified temperature and pressure. How will (a) Increasing the temperature at constant pressure (b) Increasing the
(a) 537 R(b) 3240 R.Compare your results with the KP values listed in Table A-28.
Determine the equilibrium constant KP for the process CO + ½ O2 = CO2 at(a) 298 K(b) 2000 K.Compare your results with the values for KP listed in Table A-28.
Study the effect of varying the percent excess air during the steady-flow combustion of hydrogen at a pressure of 1 atm. At what temperature will 97 percent of H2 burn into H2O? Assume the
Determine the equilibrium constant KP for the reaction CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O at 25°C.
(a) 298 K(b) 1800 K.Compare your results with the KP values listed in Table A-28.
Carbon monoxide is burned with 100 percent excess air during a steady-flow process at a pressure of 1 atm. At what temperature will 97 percent of CO burn to CO2? Assume the equilibrium mixture
Reconsider Prob. 16-25. Using EES (or other) software, study the effect of varying the percent excess air during the steady-flow process from 0 to 200 percent on the temperature at which 97 percent
Repeat Prob. 16-25 using data in English units. Prob. 16-25 Carbon monoxide is burned with 100 percent excess air during a steady-flow process at a pressure of 1 atm. At what temperature will 97
Air (79 percent N2 and 21 percent O2) is heated to 2000 K at a constant pressure of 2 atm. Assuming the equilibrium mixture consists of N2, O2, and NO, determine the equilibrium composition at this
Hydrogen (H2) is heated to 3800 K at a constant pressure of 5 atm. Determine the percentage of H2 that will dissociate into H during this process.
A reaction chamber contains a mixture of N2 and N in equilibrium at a specified temperature and pressure. How will (a) Increasing the temperature at constant pressure and (b) Increasing the pressure
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is heated to 2400 K at a constant pressure of 3 atm. Determine the percentage of CO2 that will dissociate into CO and O2 during this process.
A mixture of 1 mol of CO and 3 mol of O2 is heated to 2200 K at a pressure of 2 atm. Determine the equilibrium composition, assuming the mixture consists of CO2, CO, and O2.
A mixture of 3 mol of N2, 1 mol of O2, and 0.1 mol of Ar is heated to 2400 K at a constant pressure of 10 atm. Assuming the equilibrium mixture consists of N2, O2, Ar, and NO, determine the
Determine the mole fraction of sodium that ionizes according to the reaction Na Na+ + e - at 2000 K and 0.8 atm (KP = 0.668 for this reaction).
A steady-flow combustion chamber is supplied with CO gas at 560 R and 16 psia at a rate of 12.5ft3/min and with oxygen (O2) at 537 R and 16 psia at a rate of 0.7 lbm/ min. The combustion products
Liquid propane (C3H8) enters a combustion chamber at 25°C at a rate of 1.2 kg/min where it is mixed and burned with 150 percent excess air that enters the combustion chamber at 12°C. If the
Reconsider Prob. 16-35. Using EES (or other) software, investigate if it is realistic to disregard the presence of NO in the product gases?
Oxygen (O2) is heated during a steady-flow process at 1 atm from 298 to 3000 K at a rate of 0.5 kg/min. Determine the rate of heat supply needed during this process, assuming(a) Some O2 dissociates
Estimate KP for the following equilibrium reaction at 2500 K: CO + H2O = CO2 + H2 At 2000 K it is known that the enthalpy of reaction is 226,176kJ/kmol and KP is 0.2209. Compare your result with the
A constant-volume tank contains a mixture of 1 kmol H2 and 1 kmol O2 at 25°C and 1 atm. The contents are ignited. Determine the final temperature and pressure in the tank when the combustion gases
A reaction chamber contains a mixture of CO2, CO, and O2 in equilibrium at a specified temperature and pressure. Now some N2 is added to the mixture while the mixture temperature and pressure are
Show that as long as the extent of the reaction, a, for the disassociation reaction X2 2X is smaller than one, a is given by
When determining the equilibrium composition of a mixture involving simultaneous reactions, how would you determine the number of KP relations needed?
One mole of H2O is heated to 3400 K at a pressure of 1 atm. Determine the equilibrium composition, assuming that only H2O, OH, O2, and H2 are present.
A mixture of 2 mol of CO2 and 1 mol of O2 is heated to 3200 K at a pressure of 2 atm. Determine the equilibrium composition of the mixture, assuming that only CO2, CO, O2, and O are present.
Air (21 percent O2, 79 percent N2) is heated to 3000 K at a pressure of 2 atm. Determine the equilibrium composition, assuming that only O2, N2, O, and NO are present. Is it realistic to assume that
Air (21 percent O2, 79 percent N2) is heated to 5400 R at a pressure of 1 atm. Determine the equilibrium composition, assuming that only O2, N2, O, and NO are present. Is it realistic to assume that
Reconsider Prob. 16-46E. Use EES (or other) software to obtain the equilibrium solution. Compare your solution technique with that used in Prob. 16-46E. Prob. 16-46E Air (21 percent O2, 79 percent
Water vapor (H2O) is heated during a steady-flow process at 1 atm from 298 to 3000 K at a rate of 0.2 kg/min. Determine the rate of heat supply needed during this process, assuming (a) Some H2O
Reconsider Prob. 16-48. Using EES (or other) software, study the effect of the pressure on the rate of heat supplied for the two cases. Let the pressure vary from 1 to 10 atm. For each of the two
Which element is more likely to dissociate into its monatomic form at 3000 K, H2 or N2? Why?
Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH(g)) at 25°C is burned in a steady-flow adiabatic combustion chamber with 40 percent excess air that also enters at 25°C. Determine the adiabatic flame temperature of the
(a) Enthalpy data(b) KP data.
Estimate the enthalpy of reaction R for the combustion process of carbon monoxide at 1800 K, using(a) Enthalpy data(b) KP data.
Estimate the enthalpy of reaction R for the combustion process of carbon monoxide at 3960 R, using(a) Enthalpy data(b) KP data.
Using the enthalpy of reaction R data and the KP value at 2400 K, estimate the KP value of the combustion process H2 + ½ O2 H2O at 2600 K.
(a) Enthalpy data(b) KP data.
Estimate the enthalpy of reaction for the equilibrium reaction CH4 + 2O2 ï€ CO2 + 2H2O at 2500 K, using (a) enthalpy data and (b) KP data. Obtain enthalpy and entropy properties from EES.
The equilibrium constant for the H2 + ½ O2 H2O reaction at 1 atm and 1200 K is KP. Use this information to determine the equilibrium constant for the following reactions:
Consider a two-phase mixture of ammonia and water in equilibrium. Can this mixture exist in two phases at the same temperature but at a different pressure?
Using the solubility data of a solid in a specified liquid, explain how you would determine the mole fraction of the solid in the liquid at the interface at a specified temperature.
Using solubility data of a gas in a solid, explain how you would determine the molar concentration of the gas in the solid at the solid-gas interface at a specified temperature.
Using the Henry's constant data for a gas dissolved in a liquid, explain how you would determine the mole fraction of the gas dissolved in the liquid at the interface at a specified temperature.
Air at 70°F and 100 psia is blown through a porous media which is saturated with liquid water at 70°F. Determine the maximum partial pressure of the water evaporated into the air as it emerges from
Water is sprayed into air at 80°F and 14.3 psia, and the falling water droplets are collected in a container on the floor. Determine the mass and mole fractions of air dissolved in the water.
Show that a saturated liquid-vapor mixture of refrigerant-134a at 210°C satisfies the criterion for phase equilibrium.
Show that a mixture of saturated liquid water and saturated water vapor at 300 kPa satisfies the criterion for phase equilibrium.
A liquid-vapor mixture of refrigerant-134a is at 280 kPa with a quality of 70 percent. Determine the value of the Gibbs function, in kJ/kg, when the two phases are in equilibrium.
Calculate the value of the Gibbs function for saturated steam at 500°F as a saturated liquid, saturated vapor, and a mixture of liquid and vapor with a quality of 40 percent. Demonstrate that phase
The equilibrium constant of the dissociation reaction H2 †’ 2H at 3000 K and 1 atm is KP1. Express the equilibrium constants of the following reactions at 3000 K in terms of KP1:
An ammonia-water mixture is at 10°C. Determine the pressure of the ammonia vapor when the mole fraction of the ammonia in the liquid is (a) 20 percent and (b) 80 percent. The saturation pressure of
Using the liquid-vapor equilibrium diagram of an oxygen-nitrogen mixture, determine the composition of each phase at 84 K and 100 kPa.
Using the liquid-vapor equilibrium diagram of an oxygen-nitrogen mixture at 100 kPa, determine the temperature at which the composition of the vapor phase is 79 percent N2 and 21 percent O2.
An oxygen-nitrogen mixture consists of 30 kg of oxygen and 40 kg of nitrogen. This mixture is cooled to 84 K at 0.1 MPa pressure. Determine the mass of the oxygen in the liquid and gaseous phase.
What is the total mass of the liquid phase of Prob. 16-73. Prob. 16-73 An oxygen-nitrogen mixture consists of 30 kg of oxygen and 40 kg of nitrogen. This mixture is cooled to 84 K at 0.1 MPa
A wall made of natural rubber separates O2 and N2 gases at 25°C and 500 kPa. Determine the molar concentrations of O2 and N2 in the wall.
Consider a rubber plate that is in contact with nitrogen gas at 298 K and 250 kPa. Determine the molar and mass density of nitrogen in the rubber at the interface.
In absorption refrigeration systems, a two-phase equilibrium mixture of liquid ammonia (NH3) and water (H2O) is frequently used. Consider a liquid-vapor mixture of ammonia and water in equilibrium at
An ammonia-water absorption refrigeration unit operates its absorber at 0°C and its generator at 46°C. The vapor mixture in the generator and absorber is to have an ammonia mole fraction of 96
Rework Prob. 16-78 when the temperature in the absorber is increased to 6°C and the temperature in the generator is reduced to 40°C. The saturation pressure of ammonia at 6°C is 534.8
The equilibrium constant of the reaction CO + ½ O2 †’ CO2 at 1000 K and 1 atm is KP1 Express the equilibrium constant of the following reactions at 1000 K in terms of KP1:
Foam products such as shaving cream are made by liquid mixtures whose ingredients are primarily water and a refrigerant such as refrigerant-134a. Consider a liquid mixture of water and
Consider a glass of water in a room at 27°C and 97 kPa. If the relative humidity in the room is 100 percent and the water and the air are in thermal and phase equilibrium, determine(a) The mole
Consider a carbonated drink in a bottle at 27°C and 115 kPa. Assuming the gas space above the liquid consists of a saturated mixture of CO2 and water vapor and treating the drink as water,
Determine the mole fraction of argon that ionizes according to the reaction Ar Ar+ + e- at 10,000 K and 0.35 atm (KP = 0.00042 for this reaction).
Using the Gibbs function data, determine the equilibrium constant KP for the dissociation process O2 2O at 2000 K. Compare your result with the KP value listed in Table A-28.
Determine the equilibrium constant for the reaction CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O when the reaction occurs at 100 kPa and 2000 K. The natural logarithms of the equilibrium constant for the reaction C + 2H2
Consider a glass of water in a room at 25°C and 100 kPa. If the relative humidity in the room is 70 percent and the water and the air are in thermal equilibrium, determine (a) The mole fraction of
Repeat Prob. 16-86 for a relative humidity of 25 percent. Prob. 16-86 Consider a glass of water in a room at 25°C and 100 kPa. If the relative humidity in the room is 25 percent and the water and
Methane gas (CH4) at 25°C is burned with the stoichiometric amount of air at 25°C during an adiabatic steady-flow combustion process at 1 atm. Assuming the product gases consist of CO2, H2O, CO,
Reconsider Prob. 16-88. Using EES (or other) software, study the effect of excess air on the equilibrium composition and the exit temperature by varying the percent excess air from 0 to 200 percent.
Consider a mixture of CO2, CO, and O2 in equilibrium at a specified temperature and pressure. Now the pressure is doubled. (a) Will the equilibrium constant KP change? (b) Will the number of moles of
Consider the reaction CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O when the reaction occurs at 450 kPa and 3000 K. Determine the equilibrium partial pressure of the carbon dioxide. The natural logarithms of the equilibrium
10 kmol of methane gas are heated from 1 atm and 298 K to 1 atm and 1000 K. Calculate the total amount of heat transfer required when(a) Disassociation is neglected.(b) When disassociation is
Solid carbon at 25°C is burned with a stoichiometric amount of air which is at 1 atm pressure and 25°C. Determine the number of moles of CO2 formed per kmol of carbon when only CO2, CO, O2, and N2
Determine the amount of heat released per kilogram of carbon by the combustion of the Prob. 16-92.
Methane gas is burned with 30 percent excess air. This fuel enters a steady flow combustor at 101 kPa and 25°C, and is mixed with the air. The products of combustion leave this reactor at 101 kPa
Gaseous octane is burned with 40 percent excess air in an automobile engine. During combustion, the pressure is 600 psia and the temperature reaches 3600 R. Determine the equilibrium composition of
Propane gas is burned steadily at 1 atm pressure with a 10 percent excess oxygen supplied by atmospheric air. The reactants enter a steady flow combustor at 25°C. Determine the final temperature of
A constant-volume tank contains a mixture of 1 mol of H2 and 0.5 mol of O2 at 25°C and 1 atm. The contents of the tank are ignited, and the final temperature and pressure in the tank are 2800 K and
A mixture of 2 mol of H2O and 3 mol of O2 is heated to 3600 K at a pressure of 8 atm. Determine the equilibrium composition of the mixture, assuming that only H2O, OH, O2, and H2 are present.
A mixture of 3 mol of CO2 and 3 mol of O2 is heated to 3400 K at a pressure of 2 atm. Determine the equilibrium composition of the mixture, assuming that only CO2, CO, O2, and O are present.
A high-speed aircraft is cruising in still air. How does the temperature of air at the nose of the aircraft differ from the temperature of air at some distance from the aircraft?
Products of combustion enter a gas turbine with a stagnation pressure of 0.75 MPa and a stagnation temperature of 6908C, and they expand to a stagnation pressure of 100 kPa. Taking k = 1.33 and R =
What is the effect of heat gain and heat loss on the entropy of the fluid during Rayleigh flow?
Consider subsonic Rayleigh flow of air with a Mach number of 0.92. Heat is now transferred to the fluid and the Mach number increases to 0.95. Does the temperature T of the fluid increase, decrease,
What is the characteristic aspect of Rayleigh flow? What are the main assumptions associated with Rayleigh flow?
Consider subsonic Rayleigh flow that is accelerated to sonic velocity (Ma = 1) at the duct exit by heating. If the fluid continues to be heated, will the flow at duct exit be supersonic, subsonic, or
Argon gas enters a constant cross-sectional area duct at Ma1 = 0.2, P1 = 320 kPa, and T1 = 400 K at a rate of 1.2 kg/s. Disregarding frictional losses, determine the highest rate of heat transfer to
Air is heated as it flows subsonically through a duct. When the amount of heat transfer reaches 67 kJ/kg, the flow is observed to be choked, and the velocity and the static pressure are measured to
Compressed air from the compressor of a gas turbine enters the combustion chamber at T1 = 700 K, P1 = 600 kPa, and Ma1 = 0.2 at a rate of 0.3 kg/s. Via combustion, heat is transferred to the air at a
Repeat Prob. 17-106 for a heat transfer rate of 300 kJ/s. Prob. 17-106 Compressed air from the compressor of a gas turbine enters the combustion chamber at T1 = 700 K, P1 = 600 kPa, and Ma1 = 0.2 at
Air flows with negligible friction through a 4-indiameter duct at a rate of = lbm/s. The temperature and pressure at the inlet are T1 = 800 R and P1 = 30 psia, and the Mach number at the exit is Ma2

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