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physics
modern physics

Questions and Answers of Modern Physics

Over a year's time, a person receives a biologically equivalent dose of 24 mrem (millirems) from cosmic rays, which consist primarily of high-energy protons bombarding earth's atmosphere from space.
A neutral pion π0 (rest energy = 135.0 MeV) produced in a high-energy particle experiment moves at a speed of 0.780 c. After a very short time, it decays into two g-ray photons. One of the g-ray
The K- particle has a charge of - e and contains one quark and one antiquark. (a) Which quarks can the particle not contain? (b) Which antiquarks can the particle not contain?
In addition to its rest energy, a moving proton (p') has kinetic energy. This proton collides with a stationary proton (p), and the reaction forms a stationary neutron (n), a stationary proton (p),
Review Conceptual Example 7 as background for this problem. An electron and its antiparticle annihilate each other, producing two γ-ray photons. The kinetic energies of the particles are negligible.
Review Conceptual Example 5 as background for this problem. An energetic proton is fired at a stationary proton. For the reaction to produce new particles, the two protons must approach each other to
Someone stands near a radioactive source and receives doses of the following types of radiation: γ rays (20 mrad, RBE = 1), electrons (30 mrad, RBE = 1), protons (5 mrad, RBE = 10), and slow
Identify the unknown species AZX in the following nuclear reaction: 2211Na (d, a) AZX. Here, d stands for the deuterium isotope 21H of hydrogen.
What energy (in MeV) is released by the following fission reaction?
Multiple-Concept Example 1 discusses some of the physics principles that are used to solve this problem. What absorbed dose (in rads) of g rays is required to change a block of ice at 0.0 °C into
The energy consumed in one year in the United States is about 1.1 × 1020 J. With each 23592U fission, about 2.0 × 102 MeV of energy is released. How many kilograms of 23592U would be needed to
(a) If each fission reaction of a 23592U nucleus releases about 2.0 × 102 MeV of energy, determine the energy (in joules) released by the complete fissioning of 1.0 gram of 23592U.(b) How many grams
One kilogram of dry air at STP conditions is exposed to 1.0 R of X-rays. One roentgen is defined by Equation 32.1. An equivalent definition can be based on the fact that an exposure of one roentgen
A patient is being given a chest X-ray. The X-ray beam is turned on for 0.20 s, and its intensity is 0.40 W/m2. The area of the chest being exposed is 0.072 m2, and the radiation is absorbed by 3.6
The π0 meson is a particle that has a rest energy of 135.0 MeV (see Table 32.3). It lives for a very short time and then decays into two g-ray photons: π0 → γ + γ. Suppose that one of the g-ray
A 75-kg person is exposed to 45 mrem of a particles (RBE = 12). How much energy (in joules) has this person absorbed?
Multiple-Concept Example 1 discusses the concepts that are relevant to this problem. A person undergoing radiation treatment for a cancerous growth receives an absorbed dose of 2.1 Gy. All the
The biologically equivalent dose for a typical chest X-ray is 2.5 × 10-2 rem. The mass of the exposed tissue is 21 kg, and it absorbs 6.2 × 10-3 J of energy. What is the relative biological
A 2.0-kg tumor is being irradiated by a radioactive source. The tumor receives an absorbed dose of 12 Gy in a time of 850 s. Each disintegration of the radioactive source produces a particle that
The force experienced by charge 1 at point A is different in direction and magnitude from the force experienced by charge 2 at point B. Can we conclude that the electric fields at points A and B are
Explain why a comb that has been rubbed through your hair attracts small bits of paper, even though the paper is uncharged.
A charged rod is brought near a suspended object, which is repelled by the rod. Can we conclude that the suspended object is charged? Explain.
A point charge +Q is fixed at a height H above the ground. Directly below this charge is a small ball with a charge -q and a mass m. When the ball is at a height h above the ground, the net force
Describe some of the differences between charging by induction and charging by contact.
An electrically neutral object is given a positive charge. (a) In principle, does the object's mass increase, decrease, or stay the same as a result of being charged? (b) Choose the best explanation
A charge +q and a charge -q are placed at opposite corners of a square. Will a third point charge experience a greater force if it is placed at one of the empty corners of the square, or at the
Suppose q1 = +2.90 µC is no longer at the origin, but is now on the y axis between y = 0 and y = 0.500 m. The charge q2 = +2.90 µC is at x = 0 and y = 0.500 m, and point 3 is at x = y = 0.500 m.(a)
In this system, the charge q1 is at the origin, the charge q2 is at x = 0 and y = 0.500 m, and point 3 is at x = y = 0.500 m. Suppose that q1 = +2.90 µC, but that q2 is increased to a value greater
The magnitude of the charge is changed until the angle the thread makes with the vertical is u = 15.0°. The electric field is 1.46 × 104 N/C and the mass of the object is 0.0250 kg.(a) Is the new
Suppose the magnitude of the electric field is adjusted to give a tension of 0.253 N in the thread. This will also change the angle the thread makes with the vertical.(a) Find the new value of E.(b)
Consider the three electric charges, A, B, and C, shown in FIGURE 19-37. Rank the charges in order of increasing magnitude of the net force they experience. Indicate ties where appropriate.Figure
Suppose the charged sphere in Quick Example 19-10 is made from a conductor, rather than an insulator. (a) Do you expect the magnitude of the force between the point charge and the conducting sphere
At what separation is the electrostatic force between a +13.1-µC point charge and a +26.1-µC point charge equal in magnitude to 1.77 N?
How much equal charge should be placed on the Earth and the Moon so that the electrical repulsion balances the gravitational force of 1.98 × 1020 N? Treat the Earth and Moon as point charges a
Two point charges, the first with a charge of +3.13 × 10-6 C and the second with a charge of -4.47 × 10-6 C, are separated by 25.5 cm. (a) Find the magnitude of the electrostatic force experienced
When two identical ions are separated by a distance of 6.2 × 10-10 m, the electrostatic force each exerts on the other is 5.4 × 10-9 N. How many electrons are missing from each ion?
Given that q = +18 µC and d = 21 cm, find the direction and magnitude of the net electrostatic force exerted on the point charge q1 in FIGURE 19-38.Figure 19-38
Five point charges, q1 = +q, q2 = +2q q3 = -3q, q4 = -4q, and q5 = -5q, are placed in the vicinity of an insulating spherical shell with a charge +Q distributed uniformly over its surface, as
Three charges, q1 = +q, q2 = -q, and q3 = +q, are at the vertices of an equilateral triangle, as shown in FIGURE 19-40.(a) Rank the three charges in order of increasing magnitude of the electric
(a) Based on the materials listed in Table 19-1, is the charge of a rubber balloon more likely to be positive or negative? Explain. (b) If the charge on the balloon is reversed, will the stream of
The attractive electrostatic force between the point charges +8.44 × 10-6 C and Q has a magnitude of 0.975 N when the separation between the charges is 1.31 m. Find the sign and magnitude of the
If the speed of the electron in Example 19-4 were 7.3 × 105 m/s, what would be the corresponding orbital radius?
A sphere of radius 4.22 cm and uniform surface charge density +12.1µC/m2 exerts an electrostatic force of magnitude 46.9 × 10-3 N on a point charge of +1.95 µC. Find the separation between the
Given that q = +12 ÂµC and d = 19 cm,(a) Find the direction and magnitude of the net electrostatic force exerted on the point charge q2 in Figure 19-38.(b) How would your answers to part (a) change
Suppose the charge q2 in Figure 19-38 can be moved left or right along the line connecting the charges q1 and q3. Given that q = +12 µC, find the distance from q1 where q2 experiences a net
A point charge q = -0.55 nC is fixed at the origin. Where must a proton be placed in order for the electric force acting on it to be exactly opposite to its weight? (Let the y axis be vertical and
A point charge q = -0.55 nC is fixed at the origin. Where must an electron be placed in order for the electric force acting on it to be exactly opposite to its weight? (Let the y axis be vertical and
Find the direction and magnitude of the net electrostatic force exerted on the point charge q2 in FIGURE 19-41. Let q = +1.8 ÂµC and d = 42 cm.Figure 19-41
(a) Find the direction and magnitude of the net electrostatic force exerted on the point charge q3 in Figure 19- 41. Let q = +2.4 ÂµC and d = 27 cm.(b) How would your answers to part (a) change if
Two point charges lie on the x axis. A charge of +8.9 µC is at the origin, and a charge of -6.1 µC is at x = 12 cm.(a) At what position x would a third charge q3 be in equilibrium?(b) Does your
This problem refers to the information given in Table 19-1.(a) If rabbit fur is rubbed against glass, what is the sign of the charge each acquires? Explain.(b) Repeat part (a) for the case of glass
A system consists of two positive point charges, q1 and q2 / q1. The total charge of the system is +62.0 µC, and each charge experiences an electrostatic force of magnitude 85.0 N when the
The point charges in FIGURE 19-42 have the following values: q1 = +2.1 ÂµC, q2 = +6.3 ÂµC, q3 = -0.89 ÂµC.(a) Given that the distance d in Figure 19-42 is 4.35 cm, find the direction and
Referring to the previous problem, suppose that the magnitude of the net electrostatic force exerted on the point charge q2 in Figure 19-42 is 0.65 N.(a) Find the distance d.(b) What is the direction
(a) If the nucleus in Example 19-4 had a charge of +2e (as would be the case for a nucleus of helium),would the speed of the electron be greater than, less than, or the same as that found in the
Four point charges are located at the corners of a square with sides of length a. Two of the charges are +q, and two are -q. Find the magnitude and direction of the net electric force exerted on a
Two identical point charges in free space are connected by a string 7.6 cm long. The tension in the string is 0.21 N.(a) Find the magnitude of the charge on each of the point charges.(b) Using the
Two spheres with uniform surface charge density, one with a radius of 7.8 cm and the other with a radius of 4.1 cm, are separated by a center-to-center distance of 38 cm. The spheres have a combined
Point charges, q1 and q2, are placed on the x axis, with q1 at x = 0 and q2 at x = d. A third point charge, +Q, is placed at x = 3d/4. If the net electrostatic force experienced by the charge +Q is
Two electric charges are separated by a finite distance. Somewhere between the charges, on the line connecting them, the net electric field they produce is zero.(a) Do the charges have the same or
What is the magnitude of the electric field produced by a charge of magnitude 4.50 µC at a distance of(a) 1.00 m(b) 3.00 m?
Find the net charge of a system consisting of(a) 6.15 × 106 electrons and 7.44 × 106 protons or(b) 212 electrons and 165 protons.
A +5.0-µC charge experiences a 0.64-N force in the positive y direction. If this charge is replaced with a -2.7-µC charge, what force will it experience?
Two point charges lie on the x axis. A charge of +6.2 µC is at the origin, and a charge of -9.5 µC is at x = 10.0 cm. What is the net electric field at(a) x = -4.0 cm(b) x = +4.0 cm?
Two point charges lie on the x axis. A charge of + 2.40 pC is at the origin, and a charge of - 4.80 pC is at x = -10.0 cm. What third charge should be placed at x = +20.0 cm so that the total
The electric field on the dashed line in Figure 19-37 vanishes at infinity, but also at two different points a finite distance from the charges. Identify the regions in which you can find E = 0 at a
An object with a charge of -2.1 µC and a mass of 0.0044 kg experiences an upward electric force, due to a uniform electric field, equal in magnitude to its weight.(a) Find the direction and
Figure 19-42 shows a system consisting of three charges, q1 = +5.00 ÂµC, q2 = +5.00 ÂµC, and q3 = -5.00 ÂµC, at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side d = 2.95 cm.(a) Find the
Two point charges of equal magnitude are 8.3 cm apart. At the midpoint of the line connecting them, their combined electric field has a magnitude of 51 N/C. Find the magnitude of the charges.
A point charge q = +4.7 µC is placed at each corner of an equilateral triangle with sides 0.21 m in length.(a) What is the magnitude of the electric field at the midpoint of any of the three sides
Four point charges, each of magnitude q, are located at the corners of a square with sides of length a. Two of the charges are +q, and two are -q. The charges are arranged in one of the following two
The electric field at the point x = 5.00 cm and y = 0 points in the positive x direction with a magnitude of 10.0 N/C. At the point x = 10.0 cm and y = 0 the electric field points in the positive x
Find the total electric charge of 2.5 kg of(a) Electrons(b) Protons.
The electric field lines surrounding three charges are shown in FIGURE 19-43. The center charge is q2 = -22.8 ÂµC.(a) What are the signs of q1 and q3?(b) Find q1.(c) Find q3.Figure 19-43
Referring to Figure 19-43, suppose q2 is not known. Instead, it is given that q1 + q2 = -1.8 ÂµC. Find q1, q2, and q3.Figure 19-43
The electric field lines surrounding three charges are shown in FIGURE 19-44.(a) Which of the charges qA, qB, and qC are positively charged, and which are negatively charged?(b) Rank the charges in
Make a qualitative sketch of the electric field lines produced by the four charges, +q, - q, + q, and -q, arranged clockwise on the four corners of a square with sides of length d.
Sketch the electric field lines for the system of charges shown in Figure 19-38.Figure 19-38
Sketch the electric field lines for the system of charges described in Problem 31.Problem 31Figure 19-42
Suppose the magnitude of the electric field between the plates in Example 19-16 is changed, and a new object with a charge of -2.05 µC is attached to the thread. If the tension in the thread is
Gaussian surface 1 has twice the area of Gaussian surface 2. Both surfaces enclose the same charge Q. (a) Is the electric flux through surface 1 greater than, less than, or the same as the electric
Suppose the conducting shell in Figure 19-33-which has a point charge +Q at its center-has a nonzero net charge. How much charge is on the inner and outer surface of the shell when the net charge of
Rank the Gaussian surfaces shown in FIGURE 19-45 in order of increasing electric flux, starting with the most negative. Indicate ties where appropriate.Figure 19-45
A container holds a gas consisting of 2.85 moles of oxygen molecules. One in a million of these molecules has lost a single electron. What is the net charge of the gas?
A uniform electric field of magnitude 35,000 N/C makes an angle of 47° with a plane surface of area 0.0153 m2. What is the electric flux through this surface?
In order to work well, a square antenna must intercept a flux of at least 0.045 N • m2/C when it is perpendicular to a uniform electric field of magnitude 5.0 N/C. What is the minimum side length
A surface encloses the charges q1 = 3.2 µC, q2 = 6.9 µC, and q3 = -4.1 µC. Find the electric flux through this surface.
Nerve cells are long, thin cylinders along which electrical disturbances (nerve impulses) travel. The cell membrane of a typical nerve cell consists of an inner and an outer wall separated by a
The electric flux through each of the six sides of a rectangular box are as follows:How much charge is in this box?
Consider a spherical Gaussian surface and three charges: q1 = 2.03 µC, q2 = -3.28 µC, and q3 = 4.89 µC. Find the electric flux through the Gaussian surface if it completely encloses (a) Only
The surface charge per area on the outside of a conducting spherical shell (Figure 19-33) of outer radius 2.5 cm is measured to be −3.6 µC/m2. What charge is enclosed by the shell?
Suppose the field in the interface region of a photovoltaic panel is 1.1 × 106 N/C. Modeling the interface as a parallel-plate capacitor, what is the charge density s on either side of the interface?
A thin wire of infinite extent has a charge per unit length of l. Using the cylindrical Gaussian surface shown in FIGURE 19-46, show that the electric field produced by this wire at a radial distance
An electron and a proton are released from rest in space, far from any other objects. The particles move toward each other, due to their mutual electrical attraction.(a) When they meet, is the
When adhesive tape is pulled from a dispenser, the detached tape acquires a positive charge and the remaining tape in the dispenser acquires a negative charge. If the tape pulled from the dispenser
In Conceptual Example 19-9, suppose the charge to be placed at either point A or point B is +q rather than -q. (a) Is the magnitude of the net force experienced by the movable charge at point A
Under normal conditions, the electric field at the surface of the Earth points downward, into the ground. What is the sign of the electric charge on the ground?
A Gaussian surface for the charges shown in Figure 19-45 has an electric flux equal to +3q/âˆˆ0. Which charges are contained within this Gaussian surface?Figure 19-45
A proton is released from rest in a uniform electric field of magnitude 2.18 × 105 N/C. Find the speed of the proton after it has traveled(a) 1.00 cm(b) 10.0 cm.
If a charge of 0.30 C passes through a person's chest in 1.0 s, the heart can go into ventricular fibrillation-a non rhythmic "fluttering" of the ventricles that results in little or no blood being

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