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physics
modern physics

Questions and Answers of Modern Physics

A diverging lens (f = -10.0 cm) is located 20.0 cm to the left of a converging lens (f = 30.0 cm). A 3.00-cm-tall object stands to the left of the diverging lens, exactly at its focal point. (a)
Two converging lenses (f1 = 9.00 cm and f2 = 6.00 cm) are separated by 18.0 cm. The lens on the left has the longer focal length. An object stands 12.0 cm to the left of the left-hand lens in the
Visitors at a science museum are invited to sit in a chair to the right of a full-length diverging lens (f1 = -3.00 m) and observe a friend sitting in a second chair, 2.00 m to the left of the lens.
A student is reading material written on a blackboard. Her contact lenses have a refractive power of 57.50 diopters; the lens-to-retina distance is 1.750 cm. (a) How far (in meters) is the blackboard
A nearsighted person cannot read a sign that is more than 5.2 m from his eyes. To deal with this problem, he wears contact lenses that do not correct his vision completely, but do allow him to read
A woman can read the large print in a newspaper only when it is at a distance of 65 cm or more from her eyes. (a) Is she nearsighted (myopic) or farsighted (hyperopic), and what kind of lens is used
A farsighted woman breaks her current eyeglasses and is using an old pair whose refractive power is 1.660 diopters. Since these eyeglasses do not completely correct her vision, she must hold a
A flat sheet of ice has a thickness of 2.0 cm. It is on top of a flat sheet of crystalline quartz that has a thickness of 1.1 cm. Light strikes the ice perpendicularly and travels through it and then
A farsighted man uses eyeglasses with a refractive power of 3.80 diopters. Wearing the glasses 0.025 m from his eyes, he is able to read books held no closer than 0.280 m from his eyes. He would like
The far point of a nearsighted person is 6.0 m from her eyes, and she wears contacts that enable her to see distant objects clearly. A tree is 18.0 m away and 2.0 m high. (a) When she looks through
The contacts worn by a farsighted person allow her to see objects clearly that are as close as 25.0 cm, even though her uncorrected near point is 79.0 cm from her eyes. When she is looking at a
A spectator, seated in the left-field stands, is watching a baseball player who is 1.9 m tall and is 75 m away. On a TV screen, located 3.0 m from a person watching the game at home, the image of
An engraver uses a magnifying glass (f = 9.50 cm) to examine some work, as in Figure 26.39b. The image he sees is located 25.0 cm from his eye, which is his near point.In figure 26.39(a) What is the
The near point of a naked eye is 32 cm. When an object is placed at the near point and viewed by the naked eye, it has an angular size of 0.060 rad. A magnifying glass has a focal length of 16 cm,
An object has an angular size of 0.0150 rad when placed at the near point (21.0 cm) of an eye. When the eye views this object using a magnifying glass, the largest possible angular size of the image
A person using a magnifying glass as in Figure 26.39b observes that for clear vision its maximum angular magnification is 1.25 times as large as its minimum angular magnification. Assuming that the
The drawing shows four different situations in which a light ray is traveling from one medium into another. In some of the cases, the refraction is not shown correctly. For cases (a), (b), and (c),
A forensic pathologist is viewing heart muscle cells with a microscope that has two selectable objectives with refracting powers of 100 and 300 diopters. When he uses the 100-diopter objective, the
The distance between the lenses in a compound microscope is 18 cm. The focal length of the objective is 1.5 cm. If the microscope is to provide an angular magnification of -83 when used by a person
The near point of a naked eye is 25 cm. When placed at the near point and viewed by the naked eye, a tiny object would have an angular size of 5.2 × 10-5 rad. When viewed through a compound
In a compound microscope, the objective has a focal length of 0.60 cm, while the eyepiece has a focal length of 2.0 cm. The separation between the objective and the eyepiece is L = 12.0 cm. Another
In a compound microscope, the focal length of the objective is 3.50 cm and that of the eyepiece is 6.50 cm. The distance between the lenses is 26.0 cm.(a) What is the angular magnification of the
An astronomical telescope has an angular magnification of - 132. Its objective has a refractive power of 1.50 diopters. What is the refractive power of its eyepiece?
A telescope has an objective with a refractive power of 1.25 diopters and an eyepiece with a refractive power of 250 diopters. What is the angular magnification of the telescope?
Light passes through a single slit. If the width of the slit is reduced, what happens to the width of the central bright fringe? (a) The width of the central bright fringe does not change, because it
Light of wavelength λ passes through a single slit of width W and forms a diffraction pattern on a viewing screen. If this light is then replaced by light of wavelength 2λ, the original diffraction
Suppose that you are using a microscope to view two closely spaced cells. For a given lens diameter, which color of light would you use to achieve the best possible resolving power? (a) Red (b)
A diffraction grating is illuminated with yellow light. The diffraction pattern seen on a viewing screen consists of three yellow bright fringes, one at the central maximum (θ = 0°) and one on
In a certain Young's double-slit experiment, a diffraction pattern is formed on a distant screen, as the drawing shows. The angle that locates a given bright fringe is small, so that the
Light of wavelength 600 nm in vacuum is incident nearly perpendicularly on a thin film whose index of refraction is 1.5. The light travels from the top surface of the film to the bottom surface,
Light is incident perpendicularly on four transparent films of different thickness. The thickness of each film is given in the drawings in terms of the wavelength Î»film of the light
In Young's experiment a mixture of orange light (611 nm) and blue light (471 nm) shines on the double slit. The centers of the first-order bright blue fringes lie at the outer edges of a screen that
You are standing in air and are looking at a fl at piece of glass (n = 1.52) on which there is a layer of transparent plastic (n = 1.61). Light whose wavelength is 589 nm in vacuum is incident nearly
When monochromatic light shines perpendicularly on a soap film (n = 1.33) with air on each side, the second smallest nonzero film thickness for which destructive interference of reflected light is
A transparent film (n = 1.43) is deposited on a glass plate (n = 1.52) to form a nonreflecting coating. The film has a thickness that is 1.07 × 10-7 m. What is the longest possible wavelength (in
A tank of gasoline (n = 1.40) is open to the air (n = 1.00). A thin film of liquid floats on the gasoline and has a refractive index that is between 1.00 and 1.40. Light that has a wavelength of 625
Review Conceptual Example 4 before beginning this problem. A soap film with different thicknesses at different places has an unknown refractive index n and air on both sides. In reflected light it
A film of oil lies on wet pavement. The refractive index of the oil exceeds that of the water. The film has the minimum nonzero thickness such that it appears dark due to destructive interference
In a Young's double-slit experiment, the angle that locates the second dark fringe on either side of the central bright fringe is 5.4°. Find the ratio d/λ of the slit separation d to the wavelength
The drawing shows a cross section of a planoconcave lens resting on a flat glass plate. (A planoconcave lens has one surface that is a plane and the other that is concave spherical.) The thickness t
A piece of curved glass has a radius of curvature of r = 10.0 m and is used to form Newton's rings, as in Figure 27.13. Not counting the dark spot at the center of the pattern, there are one hundred
A uniform layer of water (n = 1.33) lies on a glass plate (n = 1.52). Light shines perpendicularly on the layer. Because of constructive interference, the layer looks maximally bright when the
(a) As Section 17.3 discusses, high-frequency sound waves exhibit less diffraction than low-frequency sound waves do. However, even high-frequency sound waves exhibit much more diffraction under
A dark fringe in the diffraction pattern of a single slit is located at an angle of θA = 34°. With the same light, the same dark fringe formed with another single slit is at an angle of θB = 56°.
A slit has a width of W1 = 2.3 × 10-6 m. When light with a wavelength of λ1 = 510 nm passes through this slit, the width of the central bright fringe on a flat observation screen has a certain
Light shines through a single slit whose width is 5.6 × 10-4 m. A diffraction pattern is formed on a flat screen located 4.0 m away. The distance between the middle of the central bright fringe and
Light waves with two different wavelengths, 632 nm and 474 nm, pass simultaneously through a single slit whose width is 7.15 × 10-5 m and strike a screen 1.20 m from the slit. Two diffraction
Two in-phase sources of waves are separated by a distance of 4.00 m. These sources produce identical waves that have a wavelength of 5.00 m. On the line between them, there are two places at which
The central bright fringe in a single-slit diffraction pattern has a width that equals the distance between the screen and the slit. Find the ratio λ/W of the wavelength λ of the light to the width
In a single-slit diffraction pattern, the central fringe is 450 times as wide as the slit. The screen is 18 000 times farther from the slit than the slit is wide. What is the ratio λ/W, where λ is
Two stars are 3.7 × 1011 m apart and are equally distant from the earth. A telescope has an objective lens with a diameter of 1.02 m and just detects these stars as separate objects. Assume that
It is claimed that some professional baseball players can see which way the ball is spinning as it travels toward home plate. One way to judge this claim is to estimate the distance at which a batter
An inkjet printer uses tiny dots of red, green, and blue ink to produce an image. Assume that the dot separation on the printed page is the same for all colors. At normal viewing distances, the eye
A hunter who is a bit of a braggart claims that from a distance of 1.6 km he can selectively shoot either of two squirrels who are sitting ten centimeters apart on the same branch of a tree. What's
Review Conceptual Example 8 as background for this problem. In addition to the data given there, assume that the dots in the painting are separated by 1.5 mm and that the wavelength of the light is
Astronomers have discovered a planetary system orbiting the star Upsilon Andromedae, which is at a distance of 4.2 × 1017 m from the earth. One planet is believed to be located at a distance of 1.2
The dark fringe for m = 0 in a Young's double-slit experiment is located at an angle of θ = 15°. What is the angle that locates the dark fringe for m = 1?
The pupil of an eagle's eye has a diameter of 6.0 mm. Two field mice are separated by 0.010 m. From a distance of 176 m, the eagle sees them as one unresolved object and dives toward them at a speed
Two concentric circles of light emit light whose wavelength is 555 nm. The larger circle has a radius of 4.0 cm, and the smaller circle has a radius of 1.0 cm. When taking a picture of these lighted
The light shining on a diffraction grating has a wavelength of 495 nm (in vacuum). The grating produces a second-order bright fringe whose position is defined by an angle of 9.34°. How many lines
For a wavelength of 420 nm, a diffraction grating produces a bright fringe at an angle of 26°. For an unknown wavelength, the same grating produces a bright fringe at an angle of 41°. In both cases
Two diffraction gratings, A and B, are located at the same distance from the observation screens. Light with the same wavelength l is used for each. The separation between adjacent principal maxima
The first-order principle maximum produced by a grating is located at an angle of θ = 18.0°. What is the angle for the third-order maximum with the same light?
A diffraction grating has 2604 lines per centimeter, and it produces a principal maximum at θ = 30.0o. The grating is used with light that contains all wavelengths between 410 and 660 nm. What is
In a Young's double-slit experiment, the seventh dark fringe is located 0.025 m to the side of the central bright fringe on a flat screen, which is 1.1 m away from the slits. The separation between
Light of wavelength 410 nm (in vacuum) is incident on a diffraction grating that has a slit separation of 1.2 x 10-5 m. The distance between the grating and the viewing screen is 0.15 m. A
The distance between adjacent slits of a certain diffraction grating is 1.250 x 10-5 m. The grating is illuminated by monochromatic light with a wavelength of 656.0 nm, and is then heated so that its
Two gratings A and B have slit separations dA and dB, respectively. They are used with the same light and the same observation screen. When grating A is replaced with grating B, it is observed that
A soap film (n = 1.33) is 465 nm thick and lies on a glass plate (n = 1.52). Sunlight, whose wavelengths (in vacuum) extend from 380 to 750 nm, travels through the air and strikes the film
Point A is the midpoint of one of the sides of a square. On the side opposite this spot, two in-phase loudspeakers are located at adjacent corners, as shown in the figure. Standing at point A you
A flat screen is located 0.60 m away from a single slit. Light with a wavelength of 510 nm (in vacuum) shines through the slit and produces a diffraction pattern. The width of the central bright
A large group of football fans comes to the game with colored cards that spell out the name of their team when held up simultaneously. Most of the cards are colored blue (lvacuum = 480 nm). When
Two parallel slits are illuminated by light composed of two wavelengths. One wavelength is λA = 645 nm. The other wavelength is λB and is unknown. On a viewing screen, the light with wavelength λA
Review Conceptual Example 2 before attempting this problem. Two slits are 0.158 mm apart. A mixture of red light (wavelength = 665 nm) and yellow-green light (wavelength = 565 nm) falls on the slits.
A spotlight sends red light (wavelength = 694.3 nm) to the moon. At the surface of the moon, which is 3.77 x 108 m away, the light strikes a reflector left there by astronauts. The reflected light
In a single-slit diffraction pattern on a flat screen, the central bright fringe is 1.2 cm wide when the slit width is 3.2 x 10-5 m. When the slit is replaced by a second slit, the wavelength of the
A beam of light is sent directly down onto a glass plate (n = 1.5) and a plastic plate (n = 1.2) that form a thin wedge of air (see the drawing). An observer looking down through the glass plate sees
There are 5620 lines per centimeter in a grating that is used with light whose wavelength is 471 nm. A flat observation screen is located at a distance of 0.750 m from the grating. What is the
A circular drop of oil lies on a smooth, horizontal surface. The drop is thickest in the center and tapers to zero thickness at the edge. When illuminated from above by blue light (λ = 455 nm), 56
A square is 3.5 m on a side, and point A is the midpoint of one of the sides. On the side opposite this spot, two in-phase loudspeakers are located at adjacent corners, as shown in the figure.
In a setup like that in Figure 27.7, a wavelength of 625 nm is used in a Young's double-slit experiment. The separation between the slits is d = 1.4 Ã— 10-5 m. The total width of the
At most, how many bright fringes can be formed on either side of the central bright fringe when light of wavelength 625 nm falls on a double slit whose slit separation is 3.76 × 10-6 m?
In a Young's double-slit experiment the separation y between the second-order bright fringe and the central bright fringe on a flat screen is 0.0180 m when the light has a wavelength of 425 nm.
Consider a person along with a frame of reference in each of the following situations. In which one or more of the following situations is the frame of reference an inertial frame of reference? (a)
Consider the following three possibilities for a glass of water at rest on a kitchen counter. The temperature of the water is 0 8C. Rank the mass of the water in descending order (largest first). A.
The kinetic energy of an object of mass m is equal to its rest energy. What is the magnitude p of the object's momentum? (a) p = √13 mc (b) p = 2mc (c) p = 4mc (d) p = √2mc (e) p = 3mc
Two spacecrafts A and B are moving relative to each other at a constant velocity. Observers in spacecraft A see spacecraft B. Likewise, observers in spacecraft B see spacecraft A. Who sees the proper
In a baseball game the batter hits the ball into center field and takes off for first base. The catcher can only stand and watch. Assume that the batter runs at a constant velocity. Who measures the
The distance from earth to the center of our galaxy is about 23 000 ly (1 ly = 1 light-year = 9.47 × 1015 m), as measured by an earth-based observer. A spaceship is to make this journey at a speed
A Martian leaves Mars in a spaceship that is heading to Venus. On the way, the spaceship passes earth with a speed v = 0.80c relative to it. Assume that the three planets do not move relative to each
Two spaceships A and B are exploring a new planet. Relative to this planet, spaceship A has a speed of 0.60c, and spaceship B has a speed of 0.80c. What is the ratio DA/DB of the values for the
An unstable high-energy particle is created in the laboratory, and it moves at a speed of 0.990c. Relative to a stationary reference frame fixed to the laboratory, the particle travels a distance of
As the drawing shows, a carpenter on a space station has constructed a 30.0° ramp. A rocket moves past the space station with a relative speed of 0.730c in a direction parallel to side x0. What does
An object is made of glass and has the shape of a cube 0.11 m on a side, according to an observer at rest relative to it. However, an observer moving at high speed parallel to one of the object's
A rectangle has the dimensions of 3.0 m × 2.0 m when viewed by someone at rest with respect to it. When you move past the rectangle along one of its sides, the rectangle looks like a square. What
At what speed is the magnitude of the relativistic momentum of a particle three times the magnitude of the nonrelativistic momentum?
What is the magnitude of the relativistic momentum of a proton with a relativistic total energy of 2.7 × 10-10 J?
A radar antenna is rotating and makes one revolution every 25 s, as measured on earth. However, instruments on a spaceship moving with respect to the earth at a speed v measure that the antenna makes
A spacecraft has a nonrelativistic (or classical) momentum whose magnitude is 1.3 × 1013 kg ∙ m/s. The spacecraft moves at such a speed that the pilot measures the proper time interval between two
Three particles are listed in the table. The mass and speed of each particle are given as multiples of the variables m and v, which have the values m = 1.20 × 1028 kg and v = 0.200c. The speed of

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